Health Promotion and Education

Question: Describe about the Health Promotion and Education? Answer: Introduction: Health is one of the most important factors in life. Yet, many people indulge in much risky behavior which can put their health in danger. Its not easy to change their behavior as environmental, personal, political and social factors influence individual behavior. Health promotion and health education focuses on the evaluation, development and implementation of health interventions at both the environmental and behavioral levels. Health promotion and education program helps an individual to evaluate his or her behavior and gain trainings as an expert in promoting health and well being (black raine, 2006). The World Health Organization has stated health education and promotion as the process which enables people enhance their control over health and its determinants. On the other hand, health education is the process of educating people about health. Health does not mean only physical but it encompasses environmental health, social health, intellectual, emotional and spiritual health .It can be defined, as the way by which groups and individuals learn to behave in a manner relevant to the maintenance, promotion or restoration of health. Theoretical models of health promotion and education: There are some theoretical models that explain health promotion and education. They are: health belief model, stages of change model, social learning theory etc. Stages of change model: In the late 1970s, the stages of Change Model were developed by James Prochaska and Carlo Diclemente when they were studying how smokers gave up their habit of smoking. The Scm model has been applied to many behaviors such as injury prevention, weight loss, drug problems, overcoming alcohol and others (Cracked.com, 2012). The idea that scm provides is that change of behavior is not a one step phenomena. Rather, people have to go through many stages to be able to be successful. These stages are overcome at individual paces. Each person should decide for themselves when one stage is over and when they should move to the next step. Moreover such decisions should come from inside as long term changes cannot be implemented externally. The stages of change are: Pre contemplation: The individuals do not contemplate the fact that there is a problem with them. Contemplation: knowing the fact that there is the presence of a problem but not knowing or not so sure whether to change it or not. Determination/preparation: Preparing to change. Action/ Will power: change of the behavior. Maintenance: maintaining ones will power that is necessary for change. Relapse: no being able to cope up with the change and returning to old habits. But however, if a person is able to maintain his will power for long enough, he the person will be able to understand his emotions and behavior and start viewing it in a new light. If the person is able to reach this point e is finally able to transcend the old habits and is on the way to becoming a new person who no longer needs to be dependent on the old behavior n order to sustain himself (Education Portal, 2015). The Health belief Model: In the early 1950s the health Belief model was developed in order to study why people cannot adapt to disease prevention strategy of or cannot do early medical checkups to detect disease. The HBM suggests that if a person belief that a certain behavior of his is a personal threat to his health and if he believes in the recommendation for checking this threat then only he will adapt to this new behavior. The HBM believes that there are two aspects of health related bhavior1) the intention of an individual to escape sickness and 2) the knowing the fact the a health promotion will prevent the disease from happening again. Finally, the course of action of an individual is often guided by the persons perceptions of the barriers and benefits related to health behavior. There are six phases of HBM: Perceived susceptibility: this refers to a persons belief of having a disease or illness. Perceived severity: This refers to the persons feeling about leaving the disease untreated. Perceived ben efits: This refers to the persons belief of the availability of different actions present to lower the threat of the disease or illness. Cue to action: This is the process where the patient finally decides on accepting a certain health guide to be cured of the disease or illness. Self-efficacy: This refers to the level of confidence of a person on himself or herself that he /she can effectively maintain or pursue a behavior (Green, 2000). Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory has been proposed by Albert Bandura in 1977. It states that behavior is learned through the process of observational learning from the environment. Bandura, unlike B.F. Skinner have proposed that humans judge about the relationship between the consequences of their behavior. The Social learning theory states that individuals understand from watching other people performing the behavior (Healthpromcornwall.org, 2015). Observational learning explains how children observe people around them and eventually learn to imitate them. With the Bobo Doll experiment Bandura told an adult to act aggressively towards the bobo doll, while children observed him and later on when they were told to play with the doll, they imitated the same aggressive behavior that they have seen earlier. In this concept, Bandura observed that not only external reinforcement shapes up a behavior but also internal reinforcement which is a form of sense of accomplishment, satisfaction and confiden ce. How theoretical model can be applied to health promotion and education Theoretical models offer a number of benefits to health promotion and education. It is used as a tool box for going further than intuition to evaluating and designing interventions of health education that is based on the idea that why certain people indulge themselves in certain behaviors related to health. It is used as a foundation for program development and planning that is consistent on using evidence based interventions. It is used as a road map for developing appropriate interventions, studying problems, evaluating impacts and identifying indicators It is used as a guide to help explain how health behavior is changed and the influences of many forces that guide it, including physical and social environments. Finally, it is used as a compass to help planners identify the suitable target audiences, outcomes for evaluation and methods for implementing changes (Koelen Ban, 2004). Not any single model dominates the health promotion and education. Some theories focus on individuals while others examine changes within institutions, families, communities and cultures. A health problem may be addressed by more than one model and no one theory is suitable for all the health problems. Some theories have converged over the years. A theory should be chosen based on target population and topic. Choosing the model must first start with the assessment of the problem, the topic, the type of behavior to be addressed and finally the unit of analysis or change. The theory should be supported by past research, consistent with observations of everyday, logical, similar to those used in previous successful endeavors (Hong, 2007). Health educators take the help of planning models while developing health programs. Planning models are used for making plans, then doing it, and finally evaluating health promotion programs and for proving a framework on which to build a plan. A number of planning models have been developed over the years .there are many models that attempt to explain the nature and intensity of intervening variables in human behavior. But health behavior is mainly focused on three parameters .They are focus on intrapersonal capacities, those focus on interpersonal relationships and those that examine environmental contexts and supports (PeÃÅ' rez Luquis, 2008). Health promotion campaigns: A health promotion campaign is important to render success of a wellness program. A well researched and effective campaign should consist of cross channel communication that deliver motivational messages across the people and inspire them to take care of their health and lifestyle. The 2012 national advertising campaign against smoking drove 1.6 million smokers to try to quit smoking and helping 100,000 to succeed. In UK, Ash i.e. Action on Smoking and health was a campaign that was established in 1971 by the Royal College of Physicians. It was a public health campaign that was aimed towards eliminating the harm caused by tobacco. The campaign as not directed towards condemning or attacking smokers but its main task was to develop an opinion and awareness towards the epidemic caused by tobacco. Another aim of Ash was to initiate policy measures that will reduce the burden of disease, addiction and premature deaths attributable to tobacco (BBC News, 2015). In UK advertising has proved to be a highly profitable method in helping smokers decide to quit smoking for their own good. The Department of Health has created hugely successful and innovative campaigns over the years. In England, nearly 80,000 people are killed every year for smoking. Around 1,260 people are admitted to hospitals every day because of smoking related illness. Healthy Lives, healthy people is a tobacco control plan in England which has st out a tobacco control strategy for the citizens which can rule out smoking from the lives of the English. This campaign has reminded smokers of the unhealthy effects of smoking and their reasons of why they should quit smoking. They have encouraged other people to help their relatives to quit smoking as well as helping them with the most effective ways of quitting. Because of these health campaigns started out by the government nearly two thirds of Englands smokers have already accepted that they want o give up on the bad habit. Another Graphic anti-smoking c ampaign from public health England warns the smokers that smoking rots the body inside out and affects the bones, teeth, brain and eyes. The Public health England has launched a campaign by saying That it causes a slow and steady decline of the body. An online advertising showed a man smoking a cigarette formed of rotting human flesh, marking the PHE;s slogan that every cigarette rots you from inside out. The PHE has claimed that the previous anti smoking campaigns Mutations and :Toxic cycle has helped in declining the smoking rates in England to a remarkable 18.4 percent. The campaign aims to highlight the effect of the toxic ingredients in cigarettes to a human body which would cause damage to their muscles and bones. PHE warned the current smokers that 59 % of them are likely to develop Alzheimers disease than non smokers and smoking also degenerates eyes at a much earlier age. Professor Kevin Fenton, National director for well being and health for PHE said that much of the signs of smoking come during middle ages but the invisible effects start showing up at a shockingly early age. he also said that any age is good for stopping but it should be sopped earlier to stop the effects of smoking, so the smokers should stop smoking now and stop the rotting of the body(Resources.smokefree.nhs.uk, 2015). However, the smoking group has branded the campaign as poisonous. In reply Simon Clark , director of the smoking group Forest has said that any sane adult of United Kingdom knows the health risks of smoking and they need not be taught only they have to realize it and stop smoking. But he also said that the way the public campaigners are trying to scare and harass the public with exaggerated claims and dubious statistics is not healthy and if Public Health England wants to be effective they should be engaged with consumers and not scare them off with rotten campaigns such as this. Conclusion: Health is one of the most important factors in life. Health education is the process of educating people about health. There are some theoretical models explains health promotion and education. They are health belief model, stages of change model, social learning theory etc. The idea that Stages of Change Model provides is that change of behavior is not a one step phenomena. Rather, people have to go through distinct phases to be able to be successful (Thecommunityguide.org, 2015). The HBM suggests that if a person belief that a certain behavior of his is a personal threat to his health and if he believes in the recommendation for checking this threat then only he will adapt to this new behavior. .The Social learning theory states that individuals learn from watching other people performing the behavior. References: BBC News,. (2015). Anti-smoking advert 'aims to shock'. Retrieved 22 February 2015, from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-30621625 Black, N., raine, r. (2006). UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC HEALTH (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.sanjeshp.ir/phd/phd_91/Pages/Refrences/health%20education%20and%20promotion/[Maggie_Davies,_Wendy_Macdowall]_Health_Promotion_(BookFi.or.pdf) Ecu.edu,. (2015). Department of Health Education and Promotion. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.ecu.edu/cs-hhp/hlth/ Education Portal,. (2015). What Is the Health Promotion Model? - Definition Theory | Education Portal. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-health-promotion-model-definition-theory.html Green, J. (2000). The role of theory in evidence-based health promotion practice. Health Education Research, 15(2), 125-129. doi:10.1093/her/15.2.125 Healthpromcornwall.org,. (2015). Health campaigns : Health Promotion Cornwall. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.healthpromcornwall.org/information-services/campaigns/ Hong, P. (2007). Health education research trends. New York: Nova Biomedical Books. Koelen, M., Ban, A. (2004). Health education and health promotion. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. Mittelmark, M. (2008). Promotion Education becomes Global Health Promotion. Promotion Education, 15(4), 3-3. doi:10.1177/1025382308097691 Mittelmark, M. (2008). Promotion Education becomes Global Health Promotion. Promotion Education, 15(4), 3-3. doi:10.1177/1025382308097691 NetHope, E. (2014). Evaluating Social Media Components of Health Communication Campaigns - Health Communication Capacity Collaborative - Social and Behavior Change Communication. Health Communication Capacity Collaborative - Social and Behavior Change Communication. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.healthcommcapacity.org/evaluating-social-media-components-health-communication-campaigns/ organization, w. (2012). Health education: theoretical concepts, effective strategies and core competencies (1st ed.). World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/EMRPUB_2012_EN_1362.pdf Patient.co.uk,. (2015). Health Promotion / Lifestyle | Directory | Patient.co.uk. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.patient.co.uk/directory/health-promotion-lifestyle Pe rez, M., Luquis, R. (2008). Cultural competence in health education and health promotion. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Practitioners, T. (2015). RACGP - Health promotion campaigns. Racgp.org.au. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.racgp.org.au/your-practice/guidelines/greenbook/applying-the-framework-strategies,-activities-and-resources/effectiveness-(2)/health-promotion-campaigns/ Prevention, C. (2015). Campaigns| Gateway to Health Communication | CDC. Cdc.gov. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/campaigns/index.html Raingruber, B. (2015). Health Promotion Theories (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://samples.jbpub.com/9781449697211/28123_CH03_Pass2.pdf Resources.smokefree.nhs.uk,. (2015). Campaigns | Smokefree Resource Centre. Retrieved 22 February 2015, from https://resources.smokefree.nhs.uk/campaign/ shaping the future of health promotion. (2009) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://file:///C:/Users/computer/Downloads/WhyTheoryMattersdraft23Jan09%20(1).pdf aylor, N. (2012). Health education in context. Rotterdam: SensePublishers. Thecommunityguide.org,. (2015). The Community Guide - News and Announcements - Effectiveness of Health Communication Campaigns That Include Mass Media and Health-Related Product Distribution. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.thecommunityguide.org/news/2012/HealthCommunicationCampaigns.html Theories and Models Frequently Used in Health Promotion. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.rchf.org/news/pdf/theories-and-models-frequently-used-in-health-promotion.pdf Van den Broucke, S. (2012). Theory-informed health promotion: seeing the bigger picture by looking at the details. Health Promotion International, 27(2), 143-147. doi:10.1093/heapro/das018ho.int,. (2015). WHO | Mark these days for health in your calendar. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.who.int/campaigns/en/

Frederick Douglass free essay sample

Douglass begins his speech by addressing Mr.. President, Friends and Fellow Citizens. Here, he is likely addressing the president of the Anti-Slavery Society not the president of the United States. It is noteworthy that Douglass considers himself a citizen, an equal to the spectators in attendance. Throughout this speech, as well as his life, Douglass advocated equal justice and rights, as well as citizenship, for blacks. He begins his speech by modestly apologizing for being nervous in front of the crowd and recognizes that he has come a long way since his escape from slavery.He tells the audience that they have gathered to celebrate the Fourth of July, but he reminds them that the nation is young, and, like a young child, it is still impressionable and capable of positive change. He touches on the history of the American Revolutionaries fight for freedom against their legal bondage under British rule. He was an abolitionist, an orator, and editor of the North Star (later renamed Frederick Douglass Paper).

Jesse Owens Essays (564 words) - Sport Of Athletics,

Jesse Owens Jesse Owens was the best track athlete at the 1936 Olympics due to his four gold medals in the 400 meter relay , the 100 meter dash , the 200 meter dash and the running board jump or the long jump. Now not only did he run but he showed that he was also versitlie and could jump. He also won a gold by the help of three others to win the 400 meter relays. Now a short summary of his life will be discussed. One of the greatest track-and-field athletes of all time. He was born James Cleveland Owens in Danville, Alabama, and educated at Ohio State University. However he competed in interscholastic track meets while attending high school, excelling in the running broad jump, the 100-yd dash, and the 220-yd dash. As a member of the Ohio State University track squad in 1935, he established a world record of 26 ft 83 in. For the running broad jump; the next year he set a new world record of 10.2 sec for the 100-m dash. A member of the U. S. track team in the 1936 Olympic Games , in Berlin , Owe ns won four gold medals. He won the 100-m dash in 10.3 sec , equaling the Olympic record; set a new Olympic and world record of 20.7 sec in the 200-m dash ; and won the running broad jump with a leap of 26 ft 5I in. , setting a new Olympic record. He was also a member of the U.S. 400-m relay team that year , which set a new Olympic and world record of 39.8 sec. Despite Owens's outstanding athletic performance , German leader Adolf Hitler refused to acknowledge his Olympic victories because Owens 2 was black. Owens went on to play an active role in youth athletic programs and later established his own public relations firm. Jesse proved you could make it if you only put forth some effort. Jesse became a lifetime role model just from one summer olympic games. Owens just demonstrated what every young black kid in America wanted to become when the arose to his type of greatness. Jesses' to becoming the best at this olympic games was a pretty tough road. He was pushed back because of the color of his skin , now there was no way in hell the he used this as any type of an excuse when he didn't come in first. Jesse first started to see that he had talent when he was in high school. He sees that he has a talent that not everyone else was blessed with to have so he worked at it very hard in , fact harder than anyone else around him. So while he did this it allowed him to stand out even more than he ever dreamed. Fittinglly he Owens virtually all the records at Ohio State University. There of course was a down side at his university though because of prej- udice people. Then the graet depression didn't help at all, fewer than 15 percent of the american youths seeked a degree weather they were black or white. Although there was a small number of black college people. If Jesse wouldn't have made himself the premire athletic prospect the would have never been thought of as one to continue or pursue his education. Sports and Games

SPICE Chart Essays

SPICE Chart Essays SPICE Chart Paper SPICE Chart Paper Canada, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, and Argentina. Population between 1750 and 1850 triples in Britain. General Migration into cities. In Argentina, the Native Americans were kicked off from the Pampas. Population triples as well. 3. 5 million immigrants came. Many Italians and Russians. Italians called goldmines because migrated for the harvest. Fusion of cultures. Cultures Religions, Belief systems, philosophies and ideologies Science and technology The arts and architecture Inventions of the Industrial Revolution -1 733-John Kay fly shuttle. One person instead of two could operate the loom. Increase in weaving output mean larger demand for yarn. -sasss James Harvests-Spinning jenny. Mechanized spinning wheel. -1769 Richard Aright-water frame. Spin multiple treads, at first operated on water power. -sasss firm Bolton and Watt produces a more efficient steam engine. Used to power water pumps, blast furnaces. First factories in the countryside need the water power. 1800-power loom. Mechanical Spinning overwhelmed the hand weavers. -Advancements in making of iron allowed for steam powered river boats -asses-locomotives ASSES-OR construction asses-Manchester- Liverpool Railroad. Encouraged larger factories and more sophisticated machinery. Contributed to the growth of the working class. All the major inventions of the industria l Revolution occurred in Britain. The French, Germans, Belgians didnt make the inventions they borrowed them. Originally factories hired whole families so parents could look over children while they worked. Second Industrial Revolution. Focused more on iron and steel. Henry Bessemer-Bessemer Process found a way to mass produce steel cheaply. Steel making becomes major industry. Chemical industry grows, increase of chemical by-products. Increase production of sulfuric acid, laundry soap, dye, synthetic things. Margarine-substitute of butter for poor. Application of electrical energy. Made factories more accessible, and their construction more efficient and flexible. They could now run 24/7 and did not have to be close to a water source. Carters develop, groups of companies working together to contract prices and product Automobile invented with internal combustion engine. Nicholas Otto German inventor who built 1st 4 stroke internal combustion engine. Car companies founded. France led automobile industry. The 2nd Industrial revolution led to steel, chemicals, iron, electricity, and automobile which led to a push of new energy sources. Petroleum. Liberals. Rich men who believe all careers should be open to talent and representative government and written constitutions and freedom of press, and rights of assembly. Liberals are not pro democracy because they dont not want the lower classes to obtain power The Iron Law of Wages. Richard the idea that if you have low wages, the poor will never have high wages. Economic Systems Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Industrialization Capitalism and socialism In England banks were private partnerships and investors and conservative because if investments failed they could lose everything. Continentals-bank corporations- limited liability, many investors with small stocks. Nil 815- France, Germany, Netherlands, and Belgium seer protective tariffs and encouraged the building of infrastructure. Because of the new industry, a lot of banks fail and investments slowed. Bad weather led to European framed to compete with foreign farmers which led to lower food prices and immigrants leave cities to go to the U. S. Cottage Industry-family would buy raw wool and women would spin it into yarn and men made it into cloth. Classical Economists. The workers were considered lazy by those above them. The Wealth of Nations is considered a classical description of the market economy. Adam Smith. Natural price is the actual worth of product. Market price is what it is sold for. Invisible hand is the idea that the market is self-regulating. Forces of consumers and producers balance each other out and reach equilibrium. Smith also believes mercantilism is bad because he thinks its a government monopoly. He advocates for equal and free trade without tariffs. Lassies Fairer- government should stay out of economy. Smith believes this but only if there are no monopolies. Smith believes government should intervene when monopolies happen. Socialism was common ism in the 18th century. Also Marxism. French Utopian Socialists before Karl Marx wanted a perfect civilizations. Karl Mark and Frederick Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto. The idea that people with social differences are at odds with each other and the cycle of the oppressor and the oppressed.

Ethical dilemma paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical dilemma - Research Paper Example Therefore, they might base on it when making important decisions in their practice. However, like in other professions, there are different issues in the military, which pose a challenge to them in their ethical decision-making. Military personnel are expected to respect life, and uphold high moral standards (Snider, 2009). However, there are incidences, where the army is ethically challenged. I perceive the use of torture by the army as resulting from an ethical dilemma. When the army goes on a mission, they are exposed to insecurity and harm, danger, and attacks from their enemies. Therefore, the military have to be cautious and protective, while bearing in mind that the military standards expect the army to act ethically in all situations. Sometimes, the set military standards might conflict with the attitude of the military. This way, it becomes challenging for them to make an ethical decision. As identified, the military might torture their enemies in order to protect their othe r military colleagues, as a form of revenge, or in order to extract information from them, among other reasons. The military policy, which is important for handling this type of ethic and addressing its violation is found in the military code of ethics, and relates to the battlefield ethics. Here, all military personnel are expected to protect their fellow colleagues, the nation, the constitution, and civilians. The army is also required to cater for the captured enemies by providing them with first aid, and other basic human needs. Therefore, torture of enemy prisoners by the military is forbidden, and the army is expected to treat civilians in a humane manner (Cassey, 2009). Nonetheless, this regulation is not adequate, as it does not provide clear information on what how the army should act when faced with a dilemma. This regulation therefore, expects that the military respect life, including the life of their enemies. However, its failure to offer more provisions, which could ad dress complex issues that might arise, has influenced the military at the individual and group level. For instance, the army engages in torture in order to protect their colleagues. This might be done individually or as a group. Therefore, torture might be undertaken by the army for different reasons, some of which are in line with the code of ethics. Therefore, the regulation on this issue should have come out more clearly, with clear circumstances under which torture is prohibited. In this case, the military will follow their personal convictions. This issue also affects my practice. Therefore, I have a role to play to promote ethics among the military. Although various aspects factor in to cause the army to turn to torture, sometimes it is possible to act ethically without employing torture. For instance, in one study among the US army, findings showed that the army deployed for a long time experience mental health problems including depression and trauma (Ricks & Tyson, 2007). A lthough this might influence the decision-making of the military, it is important that they seek medical assistance when they exhibit these signs. Raising awareness on this among fellow colleagues would help to promote ethics in the military. In another research conducted among the navy, approximately two-thirds of the Marines interviewed, as well as half of the army agreed that they would not report their colleague, who engaged in torture and property destruction of civilians

Rommels Leadership in the Battle of El Alamein Essay

Rommels Leadership in the Battle of El Alamein - Essay Example Despite Rommel’s many talents, he was soundly defeated. That meant the end of the German campaign in North Africa. Rommel had many successes during his North African battles, even at the ill-fated battle of El Alamein. Rommel has been regarded as a brilliant military commander in both tactical and strategic levels, as much as his sphere of command can control. Rommel was aware that the forces under his command were numerically inferior against the British forces based in North Africa. They were also lacking in sufficient supplies. Despite such disadvantage, Rommel caused a lot of mayhem with a disproportionately small number of tanks and supplies. As Greene (2006) observed: What was most devastating about this offensive was the novel way Rommel fought. He used the desert as if it were an ocean. Despite supply problems and difficult terrain, he kept his tanks in perpetual motion. The British could not let up their guard for a moment and this mentally exhausted them†¦ Instead of pushing forward and to punch holes in the enemy lines, he would send out his weakest tanks, then have them retreat at first contact; the British tanks would invariably swallow the bait and go in pursuit, kicking up so much of their own dust in the process that they would not see they were running straight into a line of German antitank guns. (pp.190-191) Rommel relied on speed and surprise to make his strategy work to his advantage. He used small forces to outmaneuver and outsmart his numerous British opponents. Rommel would ride ahead, risking death so that he could make rapid decisions on the move. He devoured information about the enemy, made himself an expert on tank technology, memorized maps, and personalized his relationship with his men (Greene, 2006, p.38). Rommel also never allowed any of Hitler’s political directives to undermine his command. When Hitler ordered that Jews among the German military be shot, Rommel

'Estimating Project Costs' Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

'Estimating Project Costs' - Assignment Example Cost is also the most important parameter of exclusive concern for higher level management, accountant, customer and other stakeholders of project and cost estimation is also performed during project planning phase. Appropriate cost estimation is very crucial for the successful development and delivery of project. It shall not only facilitate all resources allocated to the project but also an important factor for the client concern. That’s why this is Project Managers core responsibility to come up with realistic cost estimation for project considering all factors and dependencies in mind so that client can be provided with exact cost requirement of project and further allocations of resources can be made possible with cost requirement. Now the question arise how is it possible to define good initial estimates of cost for any nature of project. Cost is the factor that has link with every entity of project like for any construction project it might be aggregate of cost related to construction material, machineries used for construction, cost of human resources(engineers, architects, labors, technician, plumber etc) and other costs. Another example is of software development project, costs associated with such nature of project shall be of infrastructure used for development, cost of human resources(business analyst, software developers, design architect, testers etc),critical computer resources, memory requirements and any other costs even cost of pizza or refreshments for team members. Let’s discuss three estimation types that can be relied upon by Project Managers for defining initial estimates of cost for their project. At the initial level of project when requirements are not vivid it is difficult to come up with accurate initial estimates of cost and time. There is always possibility of uncertainty in