Perception Errors as Seen in “Twelve Angry Men” Essay

The innocent and the beautiful have no enemy but Time† – William Butler Yeats The movie â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† opens up with a sequence which justifies the above stated quote. The storyline follows the story of two random people chosen as jurors who have been asked to give a verdict on a murder case. The case involves the murder of a father by his teenage son. The verdict can be held legal and valid only if it is unanimous. At the start of the movie, everyone except a gentleman votes as ‘guilty’ for the boy. The gentleman expresses his desire to go over all the facts after which he would make his decision whether the teenager is guilty or not. After several deliberations, re-questioning of the stated facts and witness testimonials, slowly the jurors start changing their verdict from ‘guilty’ to ‘not-guilty’. The story ends with the unanimous verdict in the favor of the teenager. Common Perceptual Distortions: 1. Stereotype or Prototype: One of the jurors has the belief that teenagers growing up in slums tend to be criminals. A generalization on the behalf of the juror is incorrect. . Projection: One of the jurors shares a failing relationship with his own son. This creates an effect wherein he sees the image of his son in the teenager held in the trial. He tries to force his own conscious image onto the teenager and sees him as guilty. 3. Self Fulfilling Prophecy: One of the jurors is timid in nature and hence his opinions are not heard and ignored. 4. Mine is better thinking: One of the jurors thinks that since he is an influential person in his domain, he knows better because of his higher status in society. . Selective Perception: One of the jurors is only interested in finishing the verdict. He has no arguments in favour or against the teenager. 6. Pretending to Know: One of the jurors tries to justify everything by giving the statement ‘know what I mean’, inspite of having no concrete facts supporting his arguments. 7. Unwarranted Assumptions: One of the jurors holds onto the testimony that the murder weapon is unique. Also one more assumption is the thing that the sick man can cover a long distance to the stairs in a few seconds. 8. Attacking other people : One of the jurors starts fighting and shouting at everyone as if that would prove that others are wrong. 9. Halo Effect: The fact that the teenager stays in the slums creates a general impression in one of the jurors’ minds that the teenager is guaranteed a criminal. 10. False Consensus Effect: At the beginning of the session, all but one decide as ‘guilty’ on the verdict. Many of the jurors gave their vote just on the simple reason that others would give the same, and not on their own opinions.

Coconut Oil Essay

The United States Food and Drug Administration, World Health Organization, International College of Nutrition, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Â  American Dietetic Association, American Heart Association, British National Health Service, and Dietitians of Canada recommend against the consumption of significant amounts of refined/hydrogenated coconut oil due to its high levels of saturated fat. Advocacy against coconut and palm oils in the 1970s and 80s due to their perceived danger as a saturated fat caused companies to instead substitute trans fats, unaware of their health-damaging effects. Coconut oil contains a large proportion of lauric acid, a saturated fat that raises blood cholesterol levels by increasing the amount of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol that is also found in significant amounts in laurel oil, palm kernel oil (not to be confused with palm oil), human and animal breast milk and sebaceous gland secretions. This may create a more favourable blood cholesterol profile, though it is unclear if coconut oil may promote atherosclerosis through other pathways. Because much of the saturated fat of coconut oil is in the form of lauric acid, coconut oil may be a better alternative to partially hydrogenated vegetable oil when solid fats are required. Â  In addition, virgin coconut oil is composed mainly of medium-chain triglycerides, which may not carry the same risks as other saturated fats. Early studies on the health effects of coconut oil used partially hydrogenated coconut oil, which creates trans fats, and not virgin coconut oil, which has a different health risk profile. A repellent made from coconut oil can be used to prevent tungiasis-causing sand fleas from invading the body.

Importance of Physician/Patient Communication Essay

Thesis Statement The communication relationship between physician and patient has an impact on diagnoses and treatment options. 1. Four types of truth-telling affect the communication relationship of physician/patient. The quality of communication physicians and patients maintain in the treatment process is very important as it has a bearing on the outcome of the treatment process. The quality of medical care physicians give to patients determines the quality of services exchanged between the two. For communication to be effective, several factors have to be in place. Communication has to be clear, communication has to be timely, communication has to contain the right content, the communication must be disseminated through the proper media and targeting the right recipient. Truth-telling is very central to the physician/patient relationship. How a patient is going to react to the news broken by the physician is highly dependent on the kind of truth-telling approach the physician chooses. The four types of truths; direct, factual, personal and interpretative also known as hermeneutical truth apply in different situations. In truth-telling, the physician has to consider the full impact of the news and therefore decide on whether to apply principle of non-disclosure or full disclosure . Depending on the situation the truths could reveal or conceal information. This is determined by the kind of relationship existing between the patient and the physician. In the process of truth-telling the right environment has to be present. There is a need for trust between the patient and the physician as the level of trust the two parties have for each other directly impacts on communication and perception. There is need for empathy especially considering the fact that some of the news the patient is likely to receive could be bad news concerning issues ranging from death to serious medical conditions. This calls for the physician to gauge the situation and decide on what to reveal or what to conceal. Such a step is likely to save the patient from the agony of having to cope with bad news or the consequences of such breaking of news. There is a need for patience on the part of the physician as well as the part of the patient considering the fact that medical disclosure has an undeniable impact on the communication relationship between the patient and the physician. Physicians should be able to carefully analyze information before disseminating such to the patient. This calls for the physician to be able to set realistic goals for the patient and not to raise hopes even when the situation is clearly negative. This implies that it is the responsibility of the physician to choose what kind of truth to apply as some situations may call for direct truth while others may call for factual truth. In some instances, personal truth may be applicable while in other cases, only interpretive truth could be applicable. However, the bottom line is for the physician to be analytical enough to differentiate situations and decide on the best approach to use. Truth-telling is very important in the medical disclosure process since how poorly or well executed the disclosure is carried out, always has a legal implication. In some other cases, the process of disclosure could have business implications especially if the health care setting is in private practice. A physician is supposed to consider numerous factors especially in regard to the physician’s code of conduct. This calls for the physician to consider issues such as cultural factors . Depending on the culture of the patient, the physicians should device or even improvise communication strategies which will not go in contravention of the cultural beliefs and cultural norms of the patients. This points to the importance of physician’s knowledge in cultural issues in the community where the physician serves. The physician must understand how different cultures treat issues such as death. Such knowledge is important because breaking news in an offensive manner could cause unnecessary tensions between the physician and the patient. Truth-telling therefore should be determined by cultural considerations and depending on cultural orientations of the patient, it is the responsibility of the physician to choose the method of communication, the approach to use as well as how the different types of truths are applicable in the given cultural context . Truth-telling from the physician’s perspective, consist of full disclosure or limited disclosure . Several factors determine what type of disclosure the physician finally settles on. However, it is crucial for the physician to consider the patient’s right to know when it comes to the decision on whether to give full disclosure or limited disclosure . The right to know as it applies to the patient is a fundamental human right. However, to the physician it is a question of ethics and implications. This results into a kind of conflict within the physician’s mind as well as between the physician and the patient . The situation worsens if the legal implications of a full disclosure are higher than the potential benefits. This is when a physician is supposed to make a rational decision and go for the limited disclosure . It is evident that some issues that surround the physician’s ability to tell the truth are beyond the physician’s ability and as a result, the physician has to possess high communication skills. The physician is faced with the problem of honouring and fulfilling the needs and demands of the patient. Equally important are the personal traits of the physician given the fact that some decisions a physician makes are largely determined by the character of the physician . A physician who is indecisive is likely to fail to make the right decisions while a physician who is apt is likely to make decisions on the kind of disclosure to make to the patient . Apart from physician’s personal ability to deal with challenging situations, other factors come in play in regard to physician’s perspective about disclosures. The impact of the physician’s origin is demonstrated in the kind of decisions which the physician makes when it comes to disclosures. For instance, the origin of the physician especially in regard to expatriates has an effect on the kind of decisions considering the fact that different places have different norms and standards of doing things. However, physicians’ code of conduct demands that every physician consider the outcome of truth-telling in regard to psychological repercussions of the decisions the physician makes. The origin of the physician also determines the effectiveness of the physician’s communication as historical and cultural factors all have an effect on truth-telling. If a physician has gone through a traumatizing past or had encountered difficult and challenging situations in the past, this can have an impact on the kind of decision the physician makes . However, professionalism dictates that the physician must always act in the best interest of the patient in as long as the decisions do not hurt any party. There still remains a dilemma amongst many physicians when faced with the question of whether to obey the wishes of the patient or to go by their instincts as informed by professionalism. The physician’s conduct, when around the patient, can aid or hinder patient’s compliance and satisfaction . It is imperative for the physician to understand the psychological process or disposition the patient undergoes while sick. By the physician behaving in an offensive or unprofessional manner, this can lead to the patient becoming non-compliant and to become dissatisfied. This sets the precedence for communication breakdown and at this level the question ceases being what kind of truth-telling to tell but how to save the situation and improve the relationship between the patient and the physician. If a physician behaves in an offensive manner next to the patient’s bed, this again hinders the trust the patient has on the physician and the whole institution of health care . This implies that the conduct of a physician has far reaching implications for the professionals not only in the sense of communication but also in the aspect of business relationships . A physician who conducts business in a knowledgeable manner by respecting the cultural background of the patient as well as upholding religious beliefs and background of the patient is likely to enjoy compliance from the patient . Such a physician easily overcomes obstacles and communication becomes easy. The physician who sets such a conducive environment is more likely to experience less challenges in the process of truth-telling and the physician may not experience difficulties in choosing amongst the four types of truths the best and the most suitable for the given situation . Truth-telling from the patient’s perspective can be fully truthful or limited for many reasons. This is because there are effects associated with self-disclosure as there are implications for malpractice. The psychological effects of self-disclosure include the following. A feeling of unworthiness, desperation, vulnerability, as well as the high chances of suffering from psychological conditions such as stress or depression. There are physiological effects associated with self-disclosure. Such may include the craving of a patient to commit harmful actions, self-negligence resulting into body harm as well as harming of those around the patient. Patient dissatisfaction leads to claims of malpractice which ultimately have the potential of affecting the professional. Claims of malpractice affect the credibility of a physician, the credibility of the institution and could also have financial implications . The patient has a right to receive the best care possible and therefore the issues the patient brings out must be addressed fully and without prejudice. The effect bad news delivery has on the communication relationship of the physician/patient vary from individual to individual . For the physician, verbal/non-verbal communication aspect of delivering bad news holds the key to what kind of communication relationship the two are likely to enjoy. As such, the physician must be equipped through training and utilization of the relevant technology to execute and deliver communication in the best way possible. Bad news have different impacts on different patients. This calls for the physician to be analytical about situations and never to take situations for granted by generalization but rather to treat each case as special. Bad news delivery has negative consequences not only for the physician but more so for the patient who suffers psychologically as a result of bad news delivery. Poor delivery of bad news has on many occasions resulted to patients being shocked and in some cases, dying as a result of the effects of bad news delivery . This calls for the health care providers to be genuinely concerned on the impact of delivering bad news and therefore to take time to judge situations on merit before settling on the kind of disclosure suitable for the given situation. There is a need for the physician to assess the ability of the patient to cope with bad news as this is the only to ensure that the impact of bad news delivery are kept at minimal. Social construction in health communication has an impact on the patient’s perspective on communication. Therefore, there is a need for physicians to analyze and understand the patient’s locus of control when it comes to delivering of bad news. Some patients are more stronger than others and can therefore cope with pain associated with bad news. On the other hand, there are some patients who are weak in terms of the ability to cope with bad news. Therefore, social construction in health communication should be considered in the delivery of bad news. The internal/external locus of control requires both the patient and the physician to be weary of implications of communication not only to patients and physicians but also to the society at large. This is especially so considering the fact that some societies view issues related to health matters as communal or familial and it is therefore not the choice to be left to the patients and physicians only . The impact of different communication styles vary between males and females. This requires the physician to be considerate when breaking or delivering news. Communication dynamics therefore must be taken into consideration before deciding on the best type of communication to apply. The context is important because different news may mean different outcomes for males and females alike. It is worth noting that the context should be considered in the determination of the best channel to use in communicating news. Traditionally, story telling and narratives have been favoured by many physicians as effective means of communication regardless of the patient’s gender. However, with the advent of technology, there is a need for physicians to be equipped in other means of communication such as Internet. It is worth noting that usage of analogies, metaphors and similes can aid process of communication. However, such aids could be a form of distraction if not applied carefully. The above-mentioned types of aids must be applied only in proportionate measures with due regard or consideration to the confusion they may bring about . Physicians must be able to choose what type of aid suits what kind of situation and ultimately settle on application of aids which cause the least amount of distraction . The best choice of communication aids must be dictated by the different needs of communication for both the physician and the patient. In conclusion, it is worth noting that communication plays a very central role in health care provision and physicians must always bear in mind the implications of the choices they make in regard to communication. There is a need to improve communication relationships between physicians and patients as the effectiveness of such communication relationship is what determines how effective health care provision will be. References Appelbaum, P.S. , & Grisso, T. (1988). Assessing patients’ capacities to consent to treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 319(25): pp. 1621-1629. Bourgeois, M. S. (1991) Communication Treatment for Adults with Adults with Dementia, Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 14: pp. 829-841. Davis, Dena S. Legal Trends in Bioethics (review), Journal of Clinical Ethics. 1996: 7(2): pp. 183-96 Dodek, D. Y and Dodek, A. (1997) From Hippocrates to facimile. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 156 (6): pp. 841-858. Finucane, P, Myser, C & Ticehurst, S. Is she fit to sign, doctor? – Practical ethical issues in assessing the competence of elderly patients. Medical Journal of Australia. 1993: 59: pp. 397-413. Herbert, P. C. , Hoffmaster, B. , Glass, K. C. , Singer, P. A. (1997). Bioethics for clinicians: 7. Truth telling. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 156 (2): pp. 223-229. Hilfiker, D. (1984). Facing our mistakes. New England Journal of Medicine, 310(2): pp. 119-125. Kleinman, I. , Baylis, F. , Rodgers, S. , Singer, P. (1997). Bioethics for clinicians: 8. Confidentiality. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 156 (4): pp. 511-514. Lederberg, M. (1997). The psychological repercussions of New York State’s do not resuscitate law: An American experience with mandated â€Å"truth-telling. † Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 809: pp. 219-246. Lidz, C. W. , Meisel, A. , Osterweis, M. , Holden, J. L. , Marx, J. H. & Munetz, M. R. (1983). Barriers to informed consent. Annals of Internal Medicine, 99: pp. 529 – 539. Paier, G. , Miller, P. (1991). The Development of Ethical Thought in Long-Term Care. J. Gerontol. Nursing. 17(10): pp. 19-32. Schneider, C. E. (1994). Bioethics In the language of the law. Hastings Center Report. 24(4): pp. 25. Siegler, M. (1982) Confidentiality in medicine: A decrepit concept. New England Journal of Medicine. 307:pp. 1523-1536. Sigman, G. S. , Kraut, J. , La Puma, J. (1993). Disclosure of a diagnosis to children and adolescents when parents object: A clinical ethics analysis. American Journal of Disabilities in Children, 147 (7): pp. 769-798. Steffen, G. E. & Franklin, C. (1985). Commentaries: Who speaks for the patient with locked-in syndrome? Hastings Center Report, Dec. , pp. 12 – 19. Surbone, A. (1997). Information, truth, and communication: For an interpretation of truth-telling practices throughout the world. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 809: pp. 6-26. Thomasma, D. C. (1994). Telling the truth to patients: A clinical ethics exploration. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 3: pp. 379-390. Ubel, PA, Zell, M. M. , Miller, D. J. , Fischer, G. S. , Peters-Stefani, D. , Arnold, R. M. (1995) Elevator talk: observational study of inappropriate comments in a public space. American Journal of Medicine. 99:pp. 189-199. Weir, R. F. , Peters, C. (1997). Affirming the decisions adolescents make about life and death. Hastings Center Report, 27 (6): pp. 31-44.

Review paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review paper - Essay Example However, poverty has driven these people towards survival of the fittest. Mothers become increasingly detached with infants who are perceived to be weak to survive the extremely poor conditions and a presumed to be a burden on the family. This aspect has been discussed in the paper. The researcher analyzed the reproductive backgrounds of seventy two women of the small town and tried to discover linkages between the economic and maternal disparity with material and emotional scarcity. The purpose behind this study is to find out the effect of materialism and economic disparity on the social and cultural norms of motherhood, attachment, parting and eventual loss by death. The researcher wants to prove that these sentiments are a production of the environment or the society a person belongs to rather than an innate psychological feeling of attachment that comes natural to a mother. His curiosity for this study developed because if two incidents in his life one of a girl from a rural area who murdered her infant son and one year old daughter. When he asked her for the reason behind her action she replied, ‘They wouldn’t stop asking for milk and that little ones had no feelings.’ And the second incident which formed the basis of his studies was in a town where there were was shortage of food, no access to clean drinking water, lack of sanitation and infectious diseases. The writer was involved with helping a woman give birth to her second child. However, her first child was not cared for, thrown in the dumps, living in very worse conditions, taken by compassion the writer took the child to the care center and with a lot of effort nurtured him back to health. The women there however paid no heed to weak children as mentioned above and shunned the writer for making an effort on the girls first born. The second born however was fair and healthy and was the center of attention. The culture there conformed to the natural term of

Issues associated with Environmental regulatory control for ship Essay

Issues associated with Environmental regulatory control for ship operators - Essay Example e effectiveness of the implementation of the cleaner environmental ship operation practices and the adoption of greener technologies will by far be influenced by a well economically-quantified environmental impact, of the shipping activities (Pandya, 2002:44). Despite the fact that the shipping industry in the modern day operates under a very complex environmental regulatory framework comprising of both domestic and international regulations, the industry has still lagged behind in effective environmental regulatory frameworks (Nyhus, 2012:85). The traditional establishment of the regulatory framework has been in a more reactive than proactive manner, where the regulations are formulated based on events and other circumstances that arise outside the industry necessitating some form of regulatory control on the shipping operations (Nyhus, 2012:85). However, the increased focus on the local and international environmental issues has resulted to a more proactive shipping operations regulation, to reduce the burden of pollution that is shipping on the environment. Shipping is regarded as the fastest growing source of greenhouse gas emission into the environment, as well as producing other emissions that are affecting the human health (Mitchell, 2001:72). The emissions from ships are known to cause major human illnesses such as cancer and a range of respiratory diseases. In addition, considering that the emissions from the ships is comprised of gaseous substances and even elements of heavy metal, the emissions from the ships has been found to be impacting negatively on the climate and the environment, through causing acid rain and eutrophication (Clarkson, 2011:7). The major problem in regard to the increasing environmental pollution by the ships emanate from the fact that the environmental effects of emissions were eliminated in the Kyoto protocol together with the aviation emissions. This made these sectors lag behind in the establishment of the comprehensive and

Leadership in Teams and Decision Groups Research Paper

Leadership in Teams and Decision Groups - Research Paper Example There are various types of teams in an organization include functional work teams, self managed teams, top executive teams and cross-functional teams. The differences in the teams emanate from the autonomy in determining the team’s mission, authority of the team leader, stability of team members and diversity of the members. Cross-functional teams These teams are formed in an organization to enhance coordination of interdependent activities among the diverse units. Cross-functional teams are composed of representative from all the units and sometimes include representatives from outside the organization like suppliers and partners (McCallin, 2003). To ensure their smooth operations, the teams are given the role to plan and conduct complex work that demands high level of coordination and cooperation among the parties. This type of team is formed when an organization is involved in the development of new product or in the introduction of a new information system that affect the operations of the different units. The members of the cross-functional teams will always remain the same individuals from other particular units and most cross-functional teams are temporary i.e. they are formed to achieve specific organization mission. In order to benefit the organization, the teams must be flexible and efficient in deploying resources and personnel in order to unfold the solution to the problems and challenges. The representatives from the various units should be persons with expertise to help add value to the team’s decision. These teams have the potential to generate new and innovative ideas from the diverse members with differing backgrounds and improved coordination (McCallin, 2003). Moreover, the team have to view the problems in a wider perspective if the organization successes to be achieved. However, cross-functional teams are faced with challenges. The use of jargon creates communication barrier that might impair the realization of the team goals. Secondly, the loyalty of the members to their respective functions should not override the objectives of the team but rather focus on how their diversity can help in realizing the team’s objectives. Managing the disagreements and tight deadline is further essential in the successful operation of the team. A leader with good interpersonal skills and expert position power is needed. This will ensure he leads the people with conflicting interests and resolve the likely problems with the power that is vested on his position (2011). Additionally, the leader should have technical expertise, project management skills, and cognitive skills that will enable understanding of the complex problems. Finally, the leader of a cross functional team should also have political skills necessary in formation of coalitions and in gaining resources. Apart from the skills, a cross-functional leader needs to exhibit some leadership behaviors i.e. being visionary to help in formulating strategic obje ctives and generating ideas. The leader should also require to have the ability to organize and plan activities by creating deadlines and standards. Besides, the leader should be self-integrating i.e. promoting cooperation and equal participating on top of dealing with the external parties. A cross-functional leader should be one who can forecast emerging challenges and problems and influence outsiders. Self managed work teams As opposed to the cross

Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Management - Assignment Example esponse, my cousin summed up nearly all what my sister and uncle had told me with slight addition, telling me that HR also assigns tasks and activities to individual workers. I agreed the most to my cousin’s response because I personally think that assigning activities to the employees is one of the fundamental tasks of HR. From the responses of all three of them, I could assess that they generally try to maintain a very nice relationship with HR professionals. They do not happen to see the HR professionals on a regular basis, though whenever they do, they talk to them very nicely and tend to remain in the good books of the HR. Specifically, my cousin’s response was somewhat interesting. He said, â€Å"Either you don’t see the HR professionals too much or you interact too often, but in the second case, you should be sure that you know what you are doing!† I think one should maintain a balanced relationship with the HR professionals and should interact when necessary, but obviously nicely. They had mixed perceptions about HR. My sister said she was like friends with them. My uncle said, â€Å"They interfere too much but you don’t mind since they are only doing their duty.† My cousin said he thought of them as monsters that often hammer his head in his dreams. He said he got nervous whenever some HR professional passed by because the HR professional might be spying on him in which case, the result would show up in the performance appraisal process. I agreed more with my uncle’s response to the question of perceptions about HR professionals. The function of HRM is extremely important for an organization because it serves as the skeleton of the organizational system. I personally feel interested in the authority and superior impression of the HR professionals on other workers. HR department is the second name for quality control (QC) department, which is â€Å"the terror† for most people. Since, I am quite skilled in planning softwares, I know how to organize

Law of Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law of Trusts - Essay Example Since the repeal of the Preamble, the law has progressed on the back of judicial decisions arrived at in the light of the Preamble. The traditional definition of such trusts came from Commissioners for Special Purposes of Income Tax v Pemsel (1891), which divided charitable trusts into four categories: trusts for 'Relief of Poverty', for 'Advancement of Education', for 'Advancement of Religion' and, trusts for 'Purposes Beneficial to the Community'. Trusts for the advancement of education, includes conventional education and training. Thus trusts for schools, colleges, universities and other institutions of learning are valid. But this head extends to any mode of acquiring useful knowledge from literary learning to scientific researches etc. In the case of Re Shaw (1957) it was held that a gift by George Bernard Shaw in his will for research of a forty letter alphabet and translation of one of his plays into it was not charitable. It is arguable whether the same result would have been reached under the principle laid down in the later case of Re Hopkins (1965). It concerned a gift to Francis Bacon Society to be used to find manuscripts proving that the plays of Shakespeare were written by Francis Bacon. The gift was held charitable. The result of research must also enter the public ... Therefore research carried out by companies and kept for their exclusive commercial use is not charitable. Although far from the concerns of the Preamble, trusts for animal welfare such as that of the preservation of wildlife through animal sanctuaries have been held to be charitable, this has been due to a change in the general approach that was adopted by the courts in the mid-nineteenth century, where charities of this kind were likely to be held to be a failure because of various reasons. Trusts for animals would be charitable if they 'tend to promote and encourage kindness towards animals and to stimulate humane and generous sentiments in man towards lower animals': Re Wedgewood. However in Re Grove Grady (1929), the Court of Appeal held that a gift for an animal sanctuary which specifically excluded humans so that the animals would not be molested was not charitable, for such a gift produced no public benefit. If it is found that the charitable purpose would be a failure because the means for its implementation as chosen by the testator are either impractical or impossible to carry out then the doctrine of cy-pres or ss13 and 14 of the Charities Act 1993, can be applied so that it would not fail. The cy-pres doctrine allows the courts to direct that the trust property be applied to a purpose as close as possible to the one intended by the settler. Cy-pres can save charitable trusts from failure at the outset or from subsequent failure when carrying out the purpose becomes impossible or impractical. The doctrine only applies to a purpose which already counts as a charitable purpose. In order for the courts to re-direct trust money intended for charitable purposes, the courts must find that the donor

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS - Essay Example It is of high importance to mention that the better levels of technology powered connectivity are resulting in the successful diffusion of various global trends, which emerges from various markets around the world. Because of faster evolution of the globalized trends, it can be said that the consumers are getting more and more aware of their needs and wants. It also has to be said that the better connectivity is helping the rapid dispersion of global trends from the well established markets to the emerging markets, thereby creating the opportunity for development of consumer demands. This entire cycle of increasing in consumer demand is having a direct impact on the part of the consumers in a circular manner. Faced by growing domestic demands in the marketplace, multiple companies located in various markets around the world are increasingly trying their level best to enter the new markets as they promote significant amount of business opportunity As a result, a major shift of power balances is happening in the markets from the sellers to the buyers. The shift is more happening because of the large number of alternatives that are being currently made available in the market. This has brought the focus on communicating the value of the products to the right set of consumers. While doing so, the companies and business organizations focus on the process of usage of celebrity endorsers. The buying process is in general bifurcated into three phases, that is, ‘pre-purchase’, ‘purchase’ as well as ‘post-purchase’ (Rayport & Jaworski, 2003, p. 119). The decision making process of the consumers comprises of need recognition, search for information, alternative evaluation, purchase as well as post purchase analysis (Lamb and et.al, 2011, p. 189). With the rise of competition in the modern business world, marketing communication has become vibrant and filled with endorsements. As a result, it has become very challenging for brands to get noticed by the

Effective communication Essay Example for Free

Effective communication Essay Understand the principles of developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Explain why effective communication is important in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Effective and good communication is paramount when working with children, young people and adults within a school environment. Maintaining an honest, positive and supportive attitude at all times will help to develop strong relationships and build trust, e.g if a child lacks in confidence and isn’t a good communicator, by having a supportive, caring and positive approach towards them it may then encourage them to confide in you if they have things that concern them. When we communicate we must make sure the person we are talking to feels at ease, using positive body language like nodding, having happy facial expressions and using the right tone to our voice as verbal and non-verbal skills are very important in creating the right impressions. Adults communicating positively with other adults is key to teaching children how they should communicate with each other, as young children will copy adults so you must show them what is acceptable in building positive relationships. Read more:  Reasons for communication  essay If good communication is established between the child, staff and parent/carer then a parent/carer would be more likely to offer support to the school, which will in turn create a positive environment for the child. If you communicate well with other staff members then this will show other adults that you can discuss concerns about a particular child or offer input into lesson planning. Good communication does not happen by chance it is something that needs to be thought about as if communication breaks down or there is a misunderstanding this can lead to ill feeling as the slightest facial expression could be be misunderstood. A key skill to a good communicator is to listen to other peoples views and respect them, even if they are different to yours and work as a team trying to ensure it is a positive environment.

Domestic Violence around the World

Domestic Violence around the World Domestic Violence around the World Domestic violence or abuse occurs when one a partner, ex-partner or a family member tries to physically emotionally or sexually dominate the other (Buzawa, 2002). Domestic abuse has been happening around the world and the United Nation through a research found out that, there is a correlation between the poor performing economies and womens discrimination. Countries that have high rate of women violation incur very high costs that are detrimental to their economies and therefore all governments should aim at reducing the rate of sexual violation and other discrimination that women undergo. Living conditions of women have been improving since the year 1994 when 179 governments met in Egypt and decided to improve women living conditions. Stan Bernstein, a senior researcher said that they are still many cases of women discrimination around the world that constitute to grave human rights violations and therefore we should all try to eradicate this in our society as this would improve our economies. According to a report titled state of the world population 2000, it is claimed that 1% increase in the number of women attending secondary school it would lead to an increase of 0.3 of the countrys economy. If, for example the Pakistani government increased its education budget by only a small percentage this would translate in to an economic growth worth $262 million. The report shows bleak statistics about women abuse. One out of three women is abused and in most cases, by people that they know. Sexual abuse results to deaths, stillbirths, unwanted pregnancies and abortions that are committed to get rid of the unplanned child. More than 80 million children are not planned for. Women all over the world fear discussing family planning methods and ways of having protected sex with their husbands for fear of being physically abused. This has resulted to increase in HIV/Aids leading to poor economies. The report suggests that governments should do more to change these scenarios. Some remedial measures planned are banning female genital mutilation, the sale of low dosage oral contraceptives, adding in the constitution laws that govern sexual and reproductive rights and gender equality of all women. If all this are embraced by all the countries of the world then women violence would be reduced or even eliminated. References Buzawa, C. (2002). Domestic violence: the criminal justice response. London: SAGE, 2002. United, Nations.2000. Womens unequal treatment hurts economies. Worldwide abuse a massive violation of human rights. Retrieved on August 26, 2009, from http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/09/20/un.population.report/index.html