Landsat - An Overview of the Landsat Satellites

Some of the most popular and valued remote sensing images of the Earth are obtained from the Landsat satellites which have been orbiting the Earth for over 40 years. Landsat is a joint venture between NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey that began in 1972 with the launch of Landsat 1. Previous Landsat Satellites Originally known as the  Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1,  Landsat 1 was launched in 1972 and deactivated in 1978. Landsat 1 data was used to identify a new island off the coast of Canada in 1976, which was subsequently named Landsat Island. Landsat 2 was launched in 1975 and deactivated in 1982. Landsat 3 was launched in 1987 and deactivated in 1983. Landsat 4 was launched in 1982 and stopped sending data in 1993.   Landsat 5 was launched in 1984 and holds the world record  for being the longest-serving Earth-observing satellite in operation, serving for more than 29 years, until 2013. Landsat 5 was utilized for longer than expected because Landsat 6 was unable to attain orbit following the launch in 1993. Landsat 6 was the only Landsat to fail before sending data to the Earth.   Current Landsats Landsat 7 remains in orbit after having been launched on  April 15, 1999.  Landsat 8, the newest Landsat, was launched on February 11, 2013.   Landsat Data Collection The Landsat satellites make loops around the Earth and are constantly collecting images of the surface through the use of a variety of sensing devices. Since the beginning of the Landsat program in 1972, the images and data have been available to all countries around the world. Landsat data is free and available to anyone on the planet. Images are used to measure rainforest loss, assist with mapping, determine urban growth, and measure population change. The different Landsats each have different remote-sensing equipment. Each sensing device records radiation from the surface of the Earth in different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Landsat 8 captures images of the Earth on several difference spectrums (visible, near-infrared, short wave infrared, and thermal-infrared spectrums). Landsat 8 captures about 400 images of the Earth each day, far more than the 250 a day of Landsat 7.   As it orbits the Earth in a north-south pattern, Landsat 8 collects images from a swath about 115 miles (185 km) across, using  a push broom sensor, which captures data from the entire swatch at the same time. This is different than the whiskbroom sensor of Landsat 7 and other previous Landsat satellites, which would move across the swath, more slowly capturing imagery.   The Landsats orbit the Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole on a continual basis. Landsat 8 captures imagery from approximately 438 miles (705 km)  above the surface of the Earth. Landsats complete a full orbit of the Earth in about 99 minutes, allowing the Landsats to achieve about 14 orbits per day. The satellites make a complete coverage of the Earth every 16 days.   About five passes cover the entire United States, from Maine and Florida to Hawaii and Alaska. Landsat 8 crosses the Equator every day at approximately 10 a.m. local time. Landsat 9   NASA and the USGS announced in early 2015 that Landsat 9 is being developed and scheduled for launch in 2023, ensuring that data will be collected and made freely available about the Earth for another half-century.   All Landsat data is available to the public free of charge and is in the public domain. Access Landsat imagery through NASAs  Landsat Image Gallery. The Landsat Look Viewer from the USGS is another archive of Landsat imagery.

Business Analysis Philip Green Essay - 1608 Words

Most of the people want to start their business with a small amount of money and turning it in to million-pound. There are number of British entrepreneurs who have started their businesses with small amounts and conducted their business very well. Philip green is one of those entrepreneurs who started his business with 20,000 GBP and now his business worth is 3.88 billion GBP. Philip Green is an inborn entrepreneur who retains 12% of the UK’s clothing merchandizing sector. It’s been a captivating learning about his growth to fashion trading authority and working out how he conducts business the Philip Green way. If we want to have a look of the local high street in UK, there must be at least one Philip Green owned fashion store. His Arcadia Territory is privately possessed by the Green family and is the second largest in the fashion zone in the UK after Marks Spencer. So what does it take to turn out to be one of the UK’s utmost fruitful entrepreneurs and one of the leading designations in UK retailing? (Barclay, 2010) This multitalented entrepreneur and one of the UK’s most successful retailers, Philip Green was born on 15th March 1952 in Croydon. He belonged to a middle class Jewish family, who were at that time running their own business. His father was doing the business of electrical equipment and rented out TV and mother was doing laundry business. Philip was just 9 when he was sent to the boarding school and he got little chance to spend good time with his family.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Reflective Work Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesincorrect and how it could be useful. Right from my first year of bachelor of business administration I started learning about marketing. Initially my thoughts were that marketing is only about advertising. 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Health Promotion and Education

Question: Describe about the Health Promotion and Education? Answer: Introduction: Health is one of the most important factors in life. Yet, many people indulge in much risky behavior which can put their health in danger. Its not easy to change their behavior as environmental, personal, political and social factors influence individual behavior. Health promotion and health education focuses on the evaluation, development and implementation of health interventions at both the environmental and behavioral levels. Health promotion and education program helps an individual to evaluate his or her behavior and gain trainings as an expert in promoting health and well being (black raine, 2006). The World Health Organization has stated health education and promotion as the process which enables people enhance their control over health and its determinants. On the other hand, health education is the process of educating people about health. Health does not mean only physical but it encompasses environmental health, social health, intellectual, emotional and spiritual health .It can be defined, as the way by which groups and individuals learn to behave in a manner relevant to the maintenance, promotion or restoration of health. Theoretical models of health promotion and education: There are some theoretical models that explain health promotion and education. They are: health belief model, stages of change model, social learning theory etc. Stages of change model: In the late 1970s, the stages of Change Model were developed by James Prochaska and Carlo Diclemente when they were studying how smokers gave up their habit of smoking. The Scm model has been applied to many behaviors such as injury prevention, weight loss, drug problems, overcoming alcohol and others (Cracked.com, 2012). The idea that scm provides is that change of behavior is not a one step phenomena. Rather, people have to go through many stages to be able to be successful. These stages are overcome at individual paces. Each person should decide for themselves when one stage is over and when they should move to the next step. Moreover such decisions should come from inside as long term changes cannot be implemented externally. The stages of change are: Pre contemplation: The individuals do not contemplate the fact that there is a problem with them. Contemplation: knowing the fact that there is the presence of a problem but not knowing or not so sure whether to change it or not. Determination/preparation: Preparing to change. Action/ Will power: change of the behavior. Maintenance: maintaining ones will power that is necessary for change. Relapse: no being able to cope up with the change and returning to old habits. But however, if a person is able to maintain his will power for long enough, he the person will be able to understand his emotions and behavior and start viewing it in a new light. If the person is able to reach this point e is finally able to transcend the old habits and is on the way to becoming a new person who no longer needs to be dependent on the old behavior n order to sustain himself (Education Portal, 2015). The Health belief Model: In the early 1950s the health Belief model was developed in order to study why people cannot adapt to disease prevention strategy of or cannot do early medical checkups to detect disease. The HBM suggests that if a person belief that a certain behavior of his is a personal threat to his health and if he believes in the recommendation for checking this threat then only he will adapt to this new behavior. The HBM believes that there are two aspects of health related bhavior1) the intention of an individual to escape sickness and 2) the knowing the fact the a health promotion will prevent the disease from happening again. Finally, the course of action of an individual is often guided by the persons perceptions of the barriers and benefits related to health behavior. There are six phases of HBM: Perceived susceptibility: this refers to a persons belief of having a disease or illness. Perceived severity: This refers to the persons feeling about leaving the disease untreated. Perceived ben efits: This refers to the persons belief of the availability of different actions present to lower the threat of the disease or illness. Cue to action: This is the process where the patient finally decides on accepting a certain health guide to be cured of the disease or illness. Self-efficacy: This refers to the level of confidence of a person on himself or herself that he /she can effectively maintain or pursue a behavior (Green, 2000). Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory has been proposed by Albert Bandura in 1977. It states that behavior is learned through the process of observational learning from the environment. Bandura, unlike B.F. Skinner have proposed that humans judge about the relationship between the consequences of their behavior. The Social learning theory states that individuals understand from watching other people performing the behavior (Healthpromcornwall.org, 2015). Observational learning explains how children observe people around them and eventually learn to imitate them. With the Bobo Doll experiment Bandura told an adult to act aggressively towards the bobo doll, while children observed him and later on when they were told to play with the doll, they imitated the same aggressive behavior that they have seen earlier. In this concept, Bandura observed that not only external reinforcement shapes up a behavior but also internal reinforcement which is a form of sense of accomplishment, satisfaction and confiden ce. How theoretical model can be applied to health promotion and education Theoretical models offer a number of benefits to health promotion and education. It is used as a tool box for going further than intuition to evaluating and designing interventions of health education that is based on the idea that why certain people indulge themselves in certain behaviors related to health. It is used as a foundation for program development and planning that is consistent on using evidence based interventions. It is used as a road map for developing appropriate interventions, studying problems, evaluating impacts and identifying indicators It is used as a guide to help explain how health behavior is changed and the influences of many forces that guide it, including physical and social environments. Finally, it is used as a compass to help planners identify the suitable target audiences, outcomes for evaluation and methods for implementing changes (Koelen Ban, 2004). Not any single model dominates the health promotion and education. Some theories focus on individuals while others examine changes within institutions, families, communities and cultures. A health problem may be addressed by more than one model and no one theory is suitable for all the health problems. Some theories have converged over the years. A theory should be chosen based on target population and topic. Choosing the model must first start with the assessment of the problem, the topic, the type of behavior to be addressed and finally the unit of analysis or change. The theory should be supported by past research, consistent with observations of everyday, logical, similar to those used in previous successful endeavors (Hong, 2007). Health educators take the help of planning models while developing health programs. Planning models are used for making plans, then doing it, and finally evaluating health promotion programs and for proving a framework on which to build a plan. A number of planning models have been developed over the years .there are many models that attempt to explain the nature and intensity of intervening variables in human behavior. But health behavior is mainly focused on three parameters .They are focus on intrapersonal capacities, those focus on interpersonal relationships and those that examine environmental contexts and supports (PeÃÅ' rez Luquis, 2008). Health promotion campaigns: A health promotion campaign is important to render success of a wellness program. A well researched and effective campaign should consist of cross channel communication that deliver motivational messages across the people and inspire them to take care of their health and lifestyle. The 2012 national advertising campaign against smoking drove 1.6 million smokers to try to quit smoking and helping 100,000 to succeed. In UK, Ash i.e. Action on Smoking and health was a campaign that was established in 1971 by the Royal College of Physicians. It was a public health campaign that was aimed towards eliminating the harm caused by tobacco. The campaign as not directed towards condemning or attacking smokers but its main task was to develop an opinion and awareness towards the epidemic caused by tobacco. Another aim of Ash was to initiate policy measures that will reduce the burden of disease, addiction and premature deaths attributable to tobacco (BBC News, 2015). In UK advertising has proved to be a highly profitable method in helping smokers decide to quit smoking for their own good. The Department of Health has created hugely successful and innovative campaigns over the years. In England, nearly 80,000 people are killed every year for smoking. Around 1,260 people are admitted to hospitals every day because of smoking related illness. Healthy Lives, healthy people is a tobacco control plan in England which has st out a tobacco control strategy for the citizens which can rule out smoking from the lives of the English. This campaign has reminded smokers of the unhealthy effects of smoking and their reasons of why they should quit smoking. They have encouraged other people to help their relatives to quit smoking as well as helping them with the most effective ways of quitting. Because of these health campaigns started out by the government nearly two thirds of Englands smokers have already accepted that they want o give up on the bad habit. Another Graphic anti-smoking c ampaign from public health England warns the smokers that smoking rots the body inside out and affects the bones, teeth, brain and eyes. The Public health England has launched a campaign by saying That it causes a slow and steady decline of the body. An online advertising showed a man smoking a cigarette formed of rotting human flesh, marking the PHE;s slogan that every cigarette rots you from inside out. The PHE has claimed that the previous anti smoking campaigns Mutations and :Toxic cycle has helped in declining the smoking rates in England to a remarkable 18.4 percent. The campaign aims to highlight the effect of the toxic ingredients in cigarettes to a human body which would cause damage to their muscles and bones. PHE warned the current smokers that 59 % of them are likely to develop Alzheimers disease than non smokers and smoking also degenerates eyes at a much earlier age. Professor Kevin Fenton, National director for well being and health for PHE said that much of the signs of smoking come during middle ages but the invisible effects start showing up at a shockingly early age. he also said that any age is good for stopping but it should be sopped earlier to stop the effects of smoking, so the smokers should stop smoking now and stop the rotting of the body(Resources.smokefree.nhs.uk, 2015). However, the smoking group has branded the campaign as poisonous. In reply Simon Clark , director of the smoking group Forest has said that any sane adult of United Kingdom knows the health risks of smoking and they need not be taught only they have to realize it and stop smoking. But he also said that the way the public campaigners are trying to scare and harass the public with exaggerated claims and dubious statistics is not healthy and if Public Health England wants to be effective they should be engaged with consumers and not scare them off with rotten campaigns such as this. Conclusion: Health is one of the most important factors in life. Health education is the process of educating people about health. There are some theoretical models explains health promotion and education. They are health belief model, stages of change model, social learning theory etc. The idea that Stages of Change Model provides is that change of behavior is not a one step phenomena. Rather, people have to go through distinct phases to be able to be successful (Thecommunityguide.org, 2015). The HBM suggests that if a person belief that a certain behavior of his is a personal threat to his health and if he believes in the recommendation for checking this threat then only he will adapt to this new behavior. .The Social learning theory states that individuals learn from watching other people performing the behavior. References: BBC News,. (2015). Anti-smoking advert 'aims to shock'. Retrieved 22 February 2015, from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-30621625 Black, N., raine, r. (2006). UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC HEALTH (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.sanjeshp.ir/phd/phd_91/Pages/Refrences/health%20education%20and%20promotion/[Maggie_Davies,_Wendy_Macdowall]_Health_Promotion_(BookFi.or.pdf) Ecu.edu,. (2015). Department of Health Education and Promotion. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.ecu.edu/cs-hhp/hlth/ Education Portal,. (2015). What Is the Health Promotion Model? - Definition Theory | Education Portal. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-health-promotion-model-definition-theory.html Green, J. (2000). The role of theory in evidence-based health promotion practice. Health Education Research, 15(2), 125-129. doi:10.1093/her/15.2.125 Healthpromcornwall.org,. (2015). Health campaigns : Health Promotion Cornwall. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.healthpromcornwall.org/information-services/campaigns/ Hong, P. (2007). Health education research trends. New York: Nova Biomedical Books. Koelen, M., Ban, A. (2004). Health education and health promotion. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. Mittelmark, M. (2008). Promotion Education becomes Global Health Promotion. Promotion Education, 15(4), 3-3. doi:10.1177/1025382308097691 Mittelmark, M. (2008). Promotion Education becomes Global Health Promotion. Promotion Education, 15(4), 3-3. doi:10.1177/1025382308097691 NetHope, E. (2014). Evaluating Social Media Components of Health Communication Campaigns - Health Communication Capacity Collaborative - Social and Behavior Change Communication. Health Communication Capacity Collaborative - Social and Behavior Change Communication. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.healthcommcapacity.org/evaluating-social-media-components-health-communication-campaigns/ organization, w. (2012). Health education: theoretical concepts, effective strategies and core competencies (1st ed.). World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/EMRPUB_2012_EN_1362.pdf Patient.co.uk,. (2015). Health Promotion / Lifestyle | Directory | Patient.co.uk. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.patient.co.uk/directory/health-promotion-lifestyle Pe rez, M., Luquis, R. (2008). Cultural competence in health education and health promotion. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Practitioners, T. (2015). RACGP - Health promotion campaigns. Racgp.org.au. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.racgp.org.au/your-practice/guidelines/greenbook/applying-the-framework-strategies,-activities-and-resources/effectiveness-(2)/health-promotion-campaigns/ Prevention, C. (2015). Campaigns| Gateway to Health Communication | CDC. Cdc.gov. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/campaigns/index.html Raingruber, B. (2015). Health Promotion Theories (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://samples.jbpub.com/9781449697211/28123_CH03_Pass2.pdf Resources.smokefree.nhs.uk,. (2015). Campaigns | Smokefree Resource Centre. Retrieved 22 February 2015, from https://resources.smokefree.nhs.uk/campaign/ shaping the future of health promotion. (2009) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://file:///C:/Users/computer/Downloads/WhyTheoryMattersdraft23Jan09%20(1).pdf aylor, N. (2012). Health education in context. Rotterdam: SensePublishers. Thecommunityguide.org,. (2015). The Community Guide - News and Announcements - Effectiveness of Health Communication Campaigns That Include Mass Media and Health-Related Product Distribution. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.thecommunityguide.org/news/2012/HealthCommunicationCampaigns.html Theories and Models Frequently Used in Health Promotion. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.rchf.org/news/pdf/theories-and-models-frequently-used-in-health-promotion.pdf Van den Broucke, S. (2012). Theory-informed health promotion: seeing the bigger picture by looking at the details. Health Promotion International, 27(2), 143-147. doi:10.1093/heapro/das018ho.int,. (2015). WHO | Mark these days for health in your calendar. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.who.int/campaigns/en/

Frederick Douglass free essay sample

Douglass begins his speech by addressing Mr.. President, Friends and Fellow Citizens. Here, he is likely addressing the president of the Anti-Slavery Society not the president of the United States. It is noteworthy that Douglass considers himself a citizen, an equal to the spectators in attendance. Throughout this speech, as well as his life, Douglass advocated equal justice and rights, as well as citizenship, for blacks. He begins his speech by modestly apologizing for being nervous in front of the crowd and recognizes that he has come a long way since his escape from slavery.He tells the audience that they have gathered to celebrate the Fourth of July, but he reminds them that the nation is young, and, like a young child, it is still impressionable and capable of positive change. He touches on the history of the American Revolutionaries fight for freedom against their legal bondage under British rule. He was an abolitionist, an orator, and editor of the North Star (later renamed Frederick Douglass Paper).

Jesse Owens Essays (564 words) - Sport Of Athletics,

Jesse Owens Jesse Owens was the best track athlete at the 1936 Olympics due to his four gold medals in the 400 meter relay , the 100 meter dash , the 200 meter dash and the running board jump or the long jump. Now not only did he run but he showed that he was also versitlie and could jump. He also won a gold by the help of three others to win the 400 meter relays. Now a short summary of his life will be discussed. One of the greatest track-and-field athletes of all time. He was born James Cleveland Owens in Danville, Alabama, and educated at Ohio State University. However he competed in interscholastic track meets while attending high school, excelling in the running broad jump, the 100-yd dash, and the 220-yd dash. As a member of the Ohio State University track squad in 1935, he established a world record of 26 ft 83 in. For the running broad jump; the next year he set a new world record of 10.2 sec for the 100-m dash. A member of the U. S. track team in the 1936 Olympic Games , in Berlin , Owe ns won four gold medals. He won the 100-m dash in 10.3 sec , equaling the Olympic record; set a new Olympic and world record of 20.7 sec in the 200-m dash ; and won the running broad jump with a leap of 26 ft 5I in. , setting a new Olympic record. He was also a member of the U.S. 400-m relay team that year , which set a new Olympic and world record of 39.8 sec. Despite Owens's outstanding athletic performance , German leader Adolf Hitler refused to acknowledge his Olympic victories because Owens 2 was black. Owens went on to play an active role in youth athletic programs and later established his own public relations firm. Jesse proved you could make it if you only put forth some effort. Jesse became a lifetime role model just from one summer olympic games. Owens just demonstrated what every young black kid in America wanted to become when the arose to his type of greatness. Jesses' to becoming the best at this olympic games was a pretty tough road. He was pushed back because of the color of his skin , now there was no way in hell the he used this as any type of an excuse when he didn't come in first. Jesse first started to see that he had talent when he was in high school. He sees that he has a talent that not everyone else was blessed with to have so he worked at it very hard in , fact harder than anyone else around him. So while he did this it allowed him to stand out even more than he ever dreamed. Fittinglly he Owens virtually all the records at Ohio State University. There of course was a down side at his university though because of prej- udice people. Then the graet depression didn't help at all, fewer than 15 percent of the american youths seeked a degree weather they were black or white. Although there was a small number of black college people. If Jesse wouldn't have made himself the premire athletic prospect the would have never been thought of as one to continue or pursue his education. Sports and Games

SPICE Chart Essays

SPICE Chart Essays SPICE Chart Paper SPICE Chart Paper Canada, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, and Argentina. Population between 1750 and 1850 triples in Britain. General Migration into cities. In Argentina, the Native Americans were kicked off from the Pampas. Population triples as well. 3. 5 million immigrants came. Many Italians and Russians. Italians called goldmines because migrated for the harvest. Fusion of cultures. Cultures Religions, Belief systems, philosophies and ideologies Science and technology The arts and architecture Inventions of the Industrial Revolution -1 733-John Kay fly shuttle. One person instead of two could operate the loom. Increase in weaving output mean larger demand for yarn. -sasss James Harvests-Spinning jenny. Mechanized spinning wheel. -1769 Richard Aright-water frame. Spin multiple treads, at first operated on water power. -sasss firm Bolton and Watt produces a more efficient steam engine. Used to power water pumps, blast furnaces. First factories in the countryside need the water power. 1800-power loom. Mechanical Spinning overwhelmed the hand weavers. -Advancements in making of iron allowed for steam powered river boats -asses-locomotives ASSES-OR construction asses-Manchester- Liverpool Railroad. Encouraged larger factories and more sophisticated machinery. Contributed to the growth of the working class. All the major inventions of the industria l Revolution occurred in Britain. The French, Germans, Belgians didnt make the inventions they borrowed them. Originally factories hired whole families so parents could look over children while they worked. Second Industrial Revolution. Focused more on iron and steel. Henry Bessemer-Bessemer Process found a way to mass produce steel cheaply. Steel making becomes major industry. Chemical industry grows, increase of chemical by-products. Increase production of sulfuric acid, laundry soap, dye, synthetic things. Margarine-substitute of butter for poor. Application of electrical energy. Made factories more accessible, and their construction more efficient and flexible. They could now run 24/7 and did not have to be close to a water source. Carters develop, groups of companies working together to contract prices and product Automobile invented with internal combustion engine. Nicholas Otto German inventor who built 1st 4 stroke internal combustion engine. Car companies founded. France led automobile industry. The 2nd Industrial revolution led to steel, chemicals, iron, electricity, and automobile which led to a push of new energy sources. Petroleum. Liberals. Rich men who believe all careers should be open to talent and representative government and written constitutions and freedom of press, and rights of assembly. Liberals are not pro democracy because they dont not want the lower classes to obtain power The Iron Law of Wages. Richard the idea that if you have low wages, the poor will never have high wages. Economic Systems Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Industrialization Capitalism and socialism In England banks were private partnerships and investors and conservative because if investments failed they could lose everything. Continentals-bank corporations- limited liability, many investors with small stocks. Nil 815- France, Germany, Netherlands, and Belgium seer protective tariffs and encouraged the building of infrastructure. Because of the new industry, a lot of banks fail and investments slowed. Bad weather led to European framed to compete with foreign farmers which led to lower food prices and immigrants leave cities to go to the U. S. Cottage Industry-family would buy raw wool and women would spin it into yarn and men made it into cloth. Classical Economists. The workers were considered lazy by those above them. The Wealth of Nations is considered a classical description of the market economy. Adam Smith. Natural price is the actual worth of product. Market price is what it is sold for. Invisible hand is the idea that the market is self-regulating. Forces of consumers and producers balance each other out and reach equilibrium. Smith also believes mercantilism is bad because he thinks its a government monopoly. He advocates for equal and free trade without tariffs. Lassies Fairer- government should stay out of economy. Smith believes this but only if there are no monopolies. Smith believes government should intervene when monopolies happen. Socialism was common ism in the 18th century. Also Marxism. French Utopian Socialists before Karl Marx wanted a perfect civilizations. Karl Mark and Frederick Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto. The idea that people with social differences are at odds with each other and the cycle of the oppressor and the oppressed.

Ethical dilemma paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical dilemma - Research Paper Example Therefore, they might base on it when making important decisions in their practice. However, like in other professions, there are different issues in the military, which pose a challenge to them in their ethical decision-making. Military personnel are expected to respect life, and uphold high moral standards (Snider, 2009). However, there are incidences, where the army is ethically challenged. I perceive the use of torture by the army as resulting from an ethical dilemma. When the army goes on a mission, they are exposed to insecurity and harm, danger, and attacks from their enemies. Therefore, the military have to be cautious and protective, while bearing in mind that the military standards expect the army to act ethically in all situations. Sometimes, the set military standards might conflict with the attitude of the military. This way, it becomes challenging for them to make an ethical decision. As identified, the military might torture their enemies in order to protect their othe r military colleagues, as a form of revenge, or in order to extract information from them, among other reasons. The military policy, which is important for handling this type of ethic and addressing its violation is found in the military code of ethics, and relates to the battlefield ethics. Here, all military personnel are expected to protect their fellow colleagues, the nation, the constitution, and civilians. The army is also required to cater for the captured enemies by providing them with first aid, and other basic human needs. Therefore, torture of enemy prisoners by the military is forbidden, and the army is expected to treat civilians in a humane manner (Cassey, 2009). Nonetheless, this regulation is not adequate, as it does not provide clear information on what how the army should act when faced with a dilemma. This regulation therefore, expects that the military respect life, including the life of their enemies. However, its failure to offer more provisions, which could ad dress complex issues that might arise, has influenced the military at the individual and group level. For instance, the army engages in torture in order to protect their colleagues. This might be done individually or as a group. Therefore, torture might be undertaken by the army for different reasons, some of which are in line with the code of ethics. Therefore, the regulation on this issue should have come out more clearly, with clear circumstances under which torture is prohibited. In this case, the military will follow their personal convictions. This issue also affects my practice. Therefore, I have a role to play to promote ethics among the military. Although various aspects factor in to cause the army to turn to torture, sometimes it is possible to act ethically without employing torture. For instance, in one study among the US army, findings showed that the army deployed for a long time experience mental health problems including depression and trauma (Ricks & Tyson, 2007). A lthough this might influence the decision-making of the military, it is important that they seek medical assistance when they exhibit these signs. Raising awareness on this among fellow colleagues would help to promote ethics in the military. In another research conducted among the navy, approximately two-thirds of the Marines interviewed, as well as half of the army agreed that they would not report their colleague, who engaged in torture and property destruction of civilians

Rommels Leadership in the Battle of El Alamein Essay

Rommels Leadership in the Battle of El Alamein - Essay Example Despite Rommel’s many talents, he was soundly defeated. That meant the end of the German campaign in North Africa. Rommel had many successes during his North African battles, even at the ill-fated battle of El Alamein. Rommel has been regarded as a brilliant military commander in both tactical and strategic levels, as much as his sphere of command can control. Rommel was aware that the forces under his command were numerically inferior against the British forces based in North Africa. They were also lacking in sufficient supplies. Despite such disadvantage, Rommel caused a lot of mayhem with a disproportionately small number of tanks and supplies. As Greene (2006) observed: What was most devastating about this offensive was the novel way Rommel fought. He used the desert as if it were an ocean. Despite supply problems and difficult terrain, he kept his tanks in perpetual motion. The British could not let up their guard for a moment and this mentally exhausted them†¦ Instead of pushing forward and to punch holes in the enemy lines, he would send out his weakest tanks, then have them retreat at first contact; the British tanks would invariably swallow the bait and go in pursuit, kicking up so much of their own dust in the process that they would not see they were running straight into a line of German antitank guns. (pp.190-191) Rommel relied on speed and surprise to make his strategy work to his advantage. He used small forces to outmaneuver and outsmart his numerous British opponents. Rommel would ride ahead, risking death so that he could make rapid decisions on the move. He devoured information about the enemy, made himself an expert on tank technology, memorized maps, and personalized his relationship with his men (Greene, 2006, p.38). Rommel also never allowed any of Hitler’s political directives to undermine his command. When Hitler ordered that Jews among the German military be shot, Rommel

'Estimating Project Costs' Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

'Estimating Project Costs' - Assignment Example Cost is also the most important parameter of exclusive concern for higher level management, accountant, customer and other stakeholders of project and cost estimation is also performed during project planning phase. Appropriate cost estimation is very crucial for the successful development and delivery of project. It shall not only facilitate all resources allocated to the project but also an important factor for the client concern. That’s why this is Project Managers core responsibility to come up with realistic cost estimation for project considering all factors and dependencies in mind so that client can be provided with exact cost requirement of project and further allocations of resources can be made possible with cost requirement. Now the question arise how is it possible to define good initial estimates of cost for any nature of project. Cost is the factor that has link with every entity of project like for any construction project it might be aggregate of cost related to construction material, machineries used for construction, cost of human resources(engineers, architects, labors, technician, plumber etc) and other costs. Another example is of software development project, costs associated with such nature of project shall be of infrastructure used for development, cost of human resources(business analyst, software developers, design architect, testers etc),critical computer resources, memory requirements and any other costs even cost of pizza or refreshments for team members. Let’s discuss three estimation types that can be relied upon by Project Managers for defining initial estimates of cost for their project. At the initial level of project when requirements are not vivid it is difficult to come up with accurate initial estimates of cost and time. There is always possibility of uncertainty in

Forecasting Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition

Forecasting Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition Introduction This chapter introduces the background of time series and the importance of forecasting. The  motivation behind the project is elaborated and finally the aims and objectives are given. 1.1 Background Time series can be defined as a sequence of observations or measurements that are taken  at equally spaced timed interval (Xu, 2012). Hence, it is a stochastic process and can be  expressed as (Xu, 2012): x(t) = xi; i = 1; 2; :::;N: (1.1) Some examples of time series data include yearly profit, monthly recorded temperature,  hourly electrical consumption. Time series are classified into two categories mainly the stationary time series and  non stationary time series. Stationary time series consist of data which remain fixed irrespective  of the whereabouts. A stationary process is one where the mean, variance  and autocorrelation do not vary with time (Nau, 2014). For example, the financial stock  change of Mauritius remains constant in Mauritius as well as in any other place in the  world. Non stationary time series on the contrary involve data that keeps changing over  time. For instance, if we consider meteorological data of Mauritius, the data collected are  varied considerably from region to region as well as accordingly throughout the year. For  example, we have more rainfall over regions on the Central Plateau compared with the  coastal regions as demonstrated by Figure (1.1) which illustrates the variation of rainfall  collected for Mauritius over distinct regions from 1960 1990.while figure 1.2 shows theà ‚  difference in signal data between the two classes of time series. All meteorological data  including temperature, wind speed, solar irradiance irradiance, sea pressure and many  more weather parameters similar to rainfall have variations both in time and location. Hence, we can conclude that meteorological data are non stationary in nature. Figure 1.1: Distribution of rainfall for Mauritius for the year 1961-1990 Source:http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/maunc1/chap1/chapter1.htm Figure 1.2: Difference between stationary and non stationary series , Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationaryprocess Time series modeling is a vast field of research. The analysis of time series signals can  be extrapolated to meet demands of analytical results and predicting results in various  fields, such as : Economical Climatological Biological   Financial and others Due to its implementation in various fields, continuous research are been done in order to  design model for forecasting with better accuracy and efficiency. The behaviour of time  series is governed by four main aspects namely trend, seasonal variation, cyclic variation  and random variation (Xu, 2012). Trend of time series can be pictured as the evolution of  the series over time and hence gives the forthcoming pathway of the data. Hence, trend  analysis is very efficient in predicting extensive behaviour of data. Phonetically, a general  assumption in most time series techniques is that the data are stationary. Transformation  of non stationary to stationary is often done to manipulate the data for analysis. Forecasting is of high precedence in application of time series as it can predict future  events based on past events, specially when using in the field of limited resources. Forecasting  may be classified as a prediction, a projection or estimate of a future activity. In  fact, we have two types of forecasting methods namely qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative methods are non mathematical computations whereas quantitative methods  are rather objective methods based on mathematical computations. 1.2 Motivation We belong to a world of success in which one of the leading factor to success is our ability  to predict the result of our choices making all of us in a way or another forecasters. Climate consists of one of the major applications of forecasting. Over years, newer and  better models are been investigated so as to improve forecasting accuracy as much as  possible. Investigating weather parameters is highly necessary so as to be able to predict  weather situations which are required in various fields such as aviation, shipping,  oceanography and agriculture. Moreover, it is helps to evade weather hazards. Mauritius  has being confronted to drastic changes in weather conditions recently. We have  already a weather station which is deploying its best methods for weather forecasting  but is unable to predict accurately unexpected changes in weather, for example the recent  flash flood in March 2013 or one of the most worst drought that stroke Mauritius  in 2002. Therefore, in order to prevent further incidents or life taking calamities, it is of  high importance to have accurate and early predictive models in order to take preventive  measures to make sure that the population is safe well before such events occur. This  project comprises of investigating a different method for forecasting meteorological data. Throughout this project we will be dealing with time series models based of data which  has been collected over years and try to foresee future events based on the fundamentals  patterns confined within those data. The most commonly used forecasting model for time series was the Box Jenkins  models (ARIMA and ARMA models) (Peel et al., 2014). They are non-static models that  are beneficial in forecasting changes in a process. Many models have further been developed  among which is listed the Hilbert Huang Transform (Huang and Shen, 2005). Since climate data are of nonlinear and non-stationary nature, Hilbert Huang Transform  is capable of improving accuracy of forecast since most previous traditional methods  are designed for stationary data while this method is efficient in both cases. On the other  hand, recognizing all the advantages of Artificial Neural Network, it is of no surprise that  this methodology has gained so much interest in the this field of application. ANN have  proven to be more effective, compared to other traditional methods such as Box-Jenkins,  regression models or any other models (Khashei and Bijari, 2009) as a tool for forecasting. Both successful models mentioned however carries their own associated percentage  error. As a means to minimize error, both models can be combined to give rise to a new  hybrid model with better performance capabilities. 1.3 Aims And Objectives 1. In this project, the aim is to develop a combined model from two completely different  computational models for forecasting namely Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition  and Artificial Neural Network so as to improve accuracy of future  predictions of time series data. 2. EEMD will be adopted as the decomposition technique to obtain a set of Intrinsic  Mode Functions (IMF) and residual for meteorological time series data for Mauritius  signal while ANN will be the forecasting tool which will take as input parameters  the non obsolete IMFs. The results obtained will be compared with real data in  order evaluate the performance of the model. The idea is to reduce error associated  with each model when employed separately as both models possess their own skill  in determining trend in complex data. 3. Eventually, the model will be applied to forecast meteorological data mainly rainfall  from MMS and wind speed from studies conducted by fellow colleagues. 1.4 Structure of Report   1. Chapter 2 consists of a literature review on the models and their applications 2. Chapter 3 introduces Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and validate the  EMD model. 3. Chapter 4 introduces the Artificial Neural Network and validate the network. 4. Chapter 5 present the results from application of EEMD to meteorological data. The  EEMD-ANN hybrid model is also introduced and validate. Finally the following is  applied to rainfall and wind speed data. 5. Chapter 6 presents the conclusion and the future work.

Cloning Madness Essays -- Science Genetics Biology Papers

Cloning Madness Cloning, a topic that has recently caused mayhem all over the world, is possible, but will it be here to stay? The astonishing news that scientists had cloned a sheep a couple of years ago sent people into panic at the thought that humans might be next. "Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, so it's not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity" (Macklin 64). Since most of the opposition is coming from the pure disgust of actually being able to clone species, it makes it difficult for people to get away from the emotional side of the issue and analyze the major implications cloning would have for society. To better understand this controversial issue, the pros and cons of cloning will be discussed. In "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No," Ruth Macklin states that while human cloning might not offer any benefits, no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm either. Theologians contend that to clone a human would violate human dignity...But why suppose that cloned persons wouldn't share the same rights and dignity as the rest of us? ...There's the fear...that parents might clone a child to have 'spare parts' in case the original child needs an organ transplant. But parents of identical twins don't view one child as an organ farm for the other. Why should cloned children's parents be any different? ...Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to society why ban it? (64) Macklin also states that in a democratic society we don't usually pass laws outlawing things before there is actual or probable evidence of harm. The same laws that now protect human rights should govern human cloning. "A world not safe ... ... March 10, 1997: 59-63. Kluger, Jeffrey. "Will We Follow the Sheep?" Time March 10, 1997: 69-72. Kolata, Gina. "Scientist Urge Senators Not to Rush to Ban Human Cloning." The New York Times March 13, 1997. Lewis, Thomas. "The Hazards of Science." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 236-242. Macklin, Ruth. "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No." U.S. News & World Report March 10, 1997: 64. Nash, J. Madeline. "The Age of Cloning." Time March 17, 1997: 62-72. Savage, David. "3 to 5 Year Ban on Any Human Cloning Is Urged." The Los Angeles Times June 8, 1997. Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 230-235. Stipp, David. "The Real Biotech Revolution." Fortune March 31, 1997: 54. Cloning Madness Essays -- Science Genetics Biology Papers Cloning Madness Cloning, a topic that has recently caused mayhem all over the world, is possible, but will it be here to stay? The astonishing news that scientists had cloned a sheep a couple of years ago sent people into panic at the thought that humans might be next. "Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, so it's not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity" (Macklin 64). Since most of the opposition is coming from the pure disgust of actually being able to clone species, it makes it difficult for people to get away from the emotional side of the issue and analyze the major implications cloning would have for society. To better understand this controversial issue, the pros and cons of cloning will be discussed. In "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No," Ruth Macklin states that while human cloning might not offer any benefits, no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm either. Theologians contend that to clone a human would violate human dignity...But why suppose that cloned persons wouldn't share the same rights and dignity as the rest of us? ...There's the fear...that parents might clone a child to have 'spare parts' in case the original child needs an organ transplant. But parents of identical twins don't view one child as an organ farm for the other. Why should cloned children's parents be any different? ...Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to society why ban it? (64) Macklin also states that in a democratic society we don't usually pass laws outlawing things before there is actual or probable evidence of harm. The same laws that now protect human rights should govern human cloning. "A world not safe ... ... March 10, 1997: 59-63. Kluger, Jeffrey. "Will We Follow the Sheep?" Time March 10, 1997: 69-72. Kolata, Gina. "Scientist Urge Senators Not to Rush to Ban Human Cloning." The New York Times March 13, 1997. Lewis, Thomas. "The Hazards of Science." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 236-242. Macklin, Ruth. "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No." U.S. News & World Report March 10, 1997: 64. Nash, J. Madeline. "The Age of Cloning." Time March 17, 1997: 62-72. Savage, David. "3 to 5 Year Ban on Any Human Cloning Is Urged." The Los Angeles Times June 8, 1997. Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 230-235. Stipp, David. "The Real Biotech Revolution." Fortune March 31, 1997: 54.

Change over Time: the Americas Essay

The social and economic transformations in the Americas occured as a result of new contacts with Europe and Africa from 1450-1750. Large scale European immigration occured shortly after the voyages of Christopher Columbus starting in 1492. Immagrants came over to flee from religious persecution, seek economic opprotunities, part of government sponsored attempts to found colonies, or forcibly transported there as slaves or prisoners. As more and more people came to America they brought with them crops, livestock, and diseases. The Columbian exchange greatly affected the American society. It brought with it diseases, crops, and livestock. There were devastating effects of Old World diseases on Native American populations. Infectious diseases, such as smallpox, resulted in the largest death toll in the New World. New foods became staples of human diets and new growing regions opened up for crops. Two of Americas major cash crops, sugar and coffee, come from Africa and Asia. Livestock from the Europe also flourished in the New World. One of Europeans first imports, the horse, changed th lives of many Native American tribes. Trade began to become a big part of life in America. The transatlantic triangular trade operated in the 17th and 18th centuries between West Africa, the Americas, and European colonial powers. The trade represented a profitable enterprise of enslaved Africans. The use of slaves was fundamental to growing the colonial cash crops in the New World. A constant problem in the Americas was the dissagreements between the Natives and the European settlers. The settlers imposed their economic and religious beliefs on the Natives. They often tried to convert them to the European way of living. Europeans took over their land by using their advanced technology and enslaved them as workers or maids on plantations. This led to the constant wars and revolts between these two groups and ended up in many deaths of not only the Natives but the settlers too.

Biography of Walter Cronkite, Journalist and Anchorman

Biography of Walter Cronkite, Journalist and Anchorman Walter Cronkite was a journalist who defined the role of network anchorman during the decades when television news rose from being the  neglected stepchild of radio to a dominant form of journalism. Cronkite became a legendary figure and was often called the most trusted man in America. Fast Facts: Walter Cronkite Known For: Broadcast journalist and anchorman who covered key moments in American historyAlso Known As: The Most Trusted Man in AmericaBorn: December 4, 1916 in  St. Joseph, MissouriDied: July 17, 2009 in New York City, New YorkEducation: University of Texas at AustinSelected Awards: Presidential Medal of Freedom, NASAs Ambassador of Exploration Award, Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of SpeechNotable Quote: And thats the way it is. Originally a print reporter who excelled as a battlefield correspondent during  World War II, Cronkite developed a skill for reporting and telling a story which he brought to the embryonic medium of television. As Americans began receiving much of their news from television, Cronkite was  a familiar face in living rooms across the country. During his career Cronkite covered combat up close, putting himself at risk on a number of occasions. In less dangerous assignments he interviewed presidents and foreign leaders, and covered critical events from the  McCarthy era  to the early 1980s. For a generation of Americans, Cronkite provided a highly credible voice and a steady and calm manner during tumultuous times. Viewers related to him, and to his standard closing line at the end of each broadcast: And thats the way it is. Early Life Walter Cronkite was born in St. Joseph, Missouri, on December 4, 1916. The family moved to Texas when Cronkite was a child, and he became interested in journalism during high school. While attending the University of Texas,  he worked for two years part-time for the Houston Post newspaper, and after leaving college he took a variety of jobs at newspapers and radio stations. In 1939, he was hired to be a war correspondent by the United Press wire service. As World War II intensified, the newly married Cronkite departed for Europe to cover the conflict. Formative Experience: World War II By 1942, Cronkite was based in England, sending dispatches back to American newspapers. He was invited into a special program with the U.S. Army Air Force to train journalists to fly aboard bombers. After learning basic skills, including firing the airplanes machine guns, Cronkite flew aboard an Eighth Air Force B-17 on a bombing mission over Germany. The mission turned out to be extremely dangerous. A correspondent from the New York Times, Robert P. Post, who was flying  on another B-17 during the same mission, was killed when the bomber was shot down. (Andy Rooney, a correspondent for Stars and Stripes and a future CBS News colleague of Cronkite, also flew on the mission and, like Cronkite, made it back to England safely.) Cronkite wrote a vivid dispatch about the bombing mission which ran in a number of American newspapers. In the New York Times of February 27, 1943, Cronkites story appeared under the headline Hell 26,000 Feet Up. On June 6, 1944, Cronkite observed the D-Day beach assaults from a military plane. In September 1944, Cronkite covered the airborne invasion of Holland in Operation Market Garden by landing in a glider with paratroopers from the 101st Airborne Division. Cronkite covered the fighting in Holland for weeks, often putting himself at considerable risk. At the end of 1944, Cronkite covered the German offensive that turned into the Battle of the Bulge. In the spring of 1945, he covered the end of the war. Given his wartime experiences, he probably could have gotten a contract to write a book, but he chose to keep his job at United Press as a correspondent. In 1946, he covered the Nuremberg Trials, and following that he opened a United Press bureau in Moscow.   In 1948. Cronkite was back in the United States. He and his wife had their first child in November 1948. After years of travel, Cronkite began gravitating to a more settled life, and began to seriously think about jumping from print journalism to broadcasting. Early TV News In 1949 Cronkite began working for CBS Radio, based in Washington, D.C. He covered the government; a focus of his job was to broadcast reports to stations located in the Midwest. His assignments were not very glamorous, and tended to focus on agricultural policy of interest to listeners in the heartland. When the Korean War began in 1950, Cronkite wanted to return to his role as  an overseas correspondent. But he found a niche in Washington, delivering news about the conflict on local television, illustrating troop movements by drawing lines on a map. His wartime experience seemed to give him a certain confidence on the air, and viewers related to him. At that time, TV news was in its infancy, and many influential radio broadcasters, including even Edward R. Murrow, the legendary star  newsman of CBS Radio, believed television would be a passing fad. Cronkite, however, developed a feel for the medium, and his career took off. He was essentially pioneering the presentation of news on television, while also dabbling in interviews (once taking a tour of the White House with President Harry S. Truman) and even filling in as the host of a popular game show, Its News to Me. The Most Trusted Man in America In 1952, Cronkite and others at CBS put serious effort into presenting, live on the air, the proceedings of both major party political conventions from Chicago. Before the conventions, CBS even offered classes for politicians to learn how to appear on television. Cronkite was the teacher, giving points on speaking and facing the camera. One of his students was a Massachusetts congressman, John F. Kennedy. On election night in 1952, Cronkite anchored CBS News coverage live from a studio at Grand Central Station in New York City. Sharing the duties with Cronkite was a computer, Univac, which Cronkite introduced as an electronic brain that would help tally votes. The computer mostly malfunctioned during the broadcast, but Cronkite kept the show moving along.  CBS executives came to recognize Cronkite as something of a star. To viewers across America, Cronkite was becoming an authoritative voice. In fact, he became known as the most trusted man in America. Throughout the 1950s, Cronkite reported regularly on CBS News programs. He developed an early interest in Americas early space program, reading anything he could find about newly developed missiles and plans to launch astronauts into space. In 1960, Cronkite seemed to be everywhere, covering the political conventions and serving as one of the journalists asking questions at the final Kennedy-Nixon debate. On April 16, 1962, Cronkite began anchoring the CBS Evening News, a position he would hold until he chose to retire in 1981. Cronkite made sure he wasnt merely the anchorman, but the managing editor of the newscast. During his tenure, the broadcast expanded from 15 minutes to a half-hour. On the first program of the expanded format, Cronkite interviewed President Kennedy on the lawn of the Kennedy family house at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. The interview, conducted on Labor Day 1963, was historically important as the president seemed to be adjusting his policy on Vietnam. It would be one of the last interviews with Kennedy before his death less than three months later. Reporting on Key Moments in American History On the afternoon of November 22, 1963, Cronkite was working in the CBS newsroom in New York City when bells indicating urgent bulletins began ringing on teletype machines. The first reports of a shooting near the presidents motorcade in Dallas were being transmitted via wire services. The first bulletin of the shooting broadcast by CBS News was voice-only, as it took time to set up a camera. As soon as it was possible, Cronkite appeared live on the air. He gave updates on the shocking news as it arrived. Nearly losing his composure, Cronkite made the grim announcement that President Kennedy had died from his wounds. Cronkite stayed on the air for hours, anchoring the coverage of the assassination. He spent many hours on the air in the following days, as Americans engaged in a new sort of mourning ritual, one conducted via the medium of television. In the following years, Cronkite would deliver news about the Civil Rights Movement, the assassinations of Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, riots in American cities, and the Vietnam War. After visiting Vietnam in early 1968  and witnessing the violence unleashed in the Tet Offensive, Cronkite returned to America and delivered a rare editorial opinion. In a commentary delivered on CBS, he said that, based on his reporting, the war was a stalemate and a negotiated end should be sought. It was later reported that President Lyndon Johnson was shaken to hear Cronkites assessment, and it influenced his decision not to seek a second term. One big story of the 1960s that Cronkite loved to cover was the space program. He anchored live broadcasts of rocket launches, from projects Mercury through Gemini and to the crowning achievement, Project Apollo. Many Americans learned how the rockets operated by watching Cronkite give basic lessons from his anchor desk. In an era before TV news could utilize advanced special effects, Cronkite, handling plastic models, demonstrated the maneuvers that were being performed in space. When Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969, a nationwide audience watched the grainy images on television. Many were tuned into CBS and Walter Cronkite, who famously admitted, after seeing Armstrong make his famous first step, Im speechless. Later Career Cronkite continued covering the news through the 1970s, anchoring events such as Watergate and the end of the Vietnam War. On a trip to the Middle East, he interviewed Egyptian president Sadat and Israeli prime minister Begin. Cronkite was given credit for inspiring the two men to meet and eventually forge a peace treaty between their countries. For many, the name Cronkite was synonymous with  the news. Bob Dylan, in a song on his 1975 album Desire, made a playful reference to him: I was sittin home alone one night in L.A.Watching old Cronkite on the seven oclock news... On Friday, March 6, 1981, Cronkite presented his final newscast as an anchorman. He chose to end his tenure as anchor with little fanfare. The New York Times reported that he had spent the day, as usual, preparing the newscast. In the following decades, Cronkite appeared often on television, at first doing specials for CBS, and later for PBS and CNN. He remained active, spending time with a wide circle of friends that came to include artist Andy Warhol and Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart. Cronkite also kept with his hobby of sailing in the waters around Marthas Vineyard, where he had long kept a vacation home. Cronkite died at the age of 92 on July 17, 2009. His death was front-page news across America. He is widely remembered as a legendary figure who created and embodied a golden age of television news. Sources Brinkley, Douglas. Cronkite. Harper Perennial, 2013.Martin, Douglas. â€Å"Walter Cronkite, 92, Dies; Trusted Voice of TV News.† New York Times, 17 July 2009, p. 1.Cronkite, Walter. Hell 26,000 Feet Up. New York Times, 17 February 1943, p. 5.

The Food Fight Essays - Avocado, Hawaiian Cuisine, Persea

The Food Fight Essays - Avocado, Hawaiian Cuisine, Persea Daniel Kang Ms. Menard Honors English 8 12 February 2014 The Food Fight A long, long time ago, in a time even before the fearsome dinosaurs, there was food living on the Earth. Talking food. The food was divided into 2 main categories: the divine fruits and the extravagant vegetables. These two groups lived together happily and as a big joyous family. They caught food such as fish together, ate together, and even slept together. There was only one frustrating problem; the weather was always searing hot. There were always complaints among the fruits and vegetables about the hotness. An apple would say, Its so hot, Im going to dry all up! And a piece of broccoli would say, Its so hot Im going to get steamed! Still, the fruits and vegetables got on happily with life until, one day a humongous explosion followed by a mushroom cloud so tall that it touched the sky was seen and heard. A few seconds after that, everything from 10 to 20 miles from the explosion felt the forceful shockwave of the ginormous explosion. BOOOM!!!! went the explosion. Then the cute baby carrots started to bawl their eyes out, WAAAAAAAAAA! The fruits that were playing volleyball were blown away from their original position several yards. The leader of the fruits, Avocado Lincoln, was a handsome and strong general that had a soft center and tough and sort of greenish outer look. And the leader of the vegetables, Jefferson Garlic, who was a great manager with a small head and a grotesquely large midsection got together to have a meeting about what action they should take. They both agreed and said, We should go and see what it was. The next day, Avocado Lincoln rounded up the strongest and the fittest of the fruits and Jefferson Garlic rounded up the most ferocious and fat vegetables. They were setting out on unknown territory not knowing what was out there. They set out when the rooster crowed, Cock-a-doodle-doo! The lady fruits and vegetables packed the mens bags and loaded it with food for the journey saying, Come back safe! while sobbing. As they set out, it was noticed by complaining that it was yet another hot day with the fiery sun hanging right above the foods heads. Its soooo hot!! and Im going to dry up! Even their usually shadows were too hot to show themselves. Then suddenly, a big and thirsty monkey attacked one of the apples yelling, Hoohoo HaHa! The monkey was red, blue, and white striped. To save the apple, which was ravenously getting ripped apart, the vegetables and the remaining fruits attacked the monkey and drove it off the apple. He was bitten to the core in a couple places. Lincoln had no hope for the apple. He said to Garlic, Hell never make it through the journey. The all settled down for the night so the fatally wounded apple could have some rest. Apple was found dead but looking peaceful the next morning. Avocado Lincoln said some prayers over his body. This day also yielded another scorching hot day. This time at high noon, they crossed paths with an angry arachnid. Things did not go well for the apple named Frank. He did not get hurt fatally, but he needed rest so they had to camp out early that day. The fruits kept on getting eaten and wounded by different animals each day until on the 10th night of the journey, most of the fruits were wounded in some way and tired. There was moaning and groaning everywhere, Aughhhhh! and Ow! Ow! that hurts! The next day, Avocado Lincoln woke up first and saw something on the horizon. It glinted a hue he had never seen before in his life. He called it, It was so wonderful. It was like magic! He woke all of fruits and veggies up and started marching to the big and shiny thing. As they walked towards it, it got bigger and Bigger and BIGGER until it was a towering mass of shiny standing right before them in a humongous crater the size of the moon. All the fruits and veggies were staring in awe at the thing. It looked like 2 boxes

Technology impact on children in USA Research Paper

Technology impact on children in USA - Research Paper Example Rather than spending loads of time on computer and TV, it is also vital for children to spend their time on other activities. It can also create negative impact on children. Children spending large sum of time on television and Computer are prone to become fat. Despite having some negative impact, computer games can help children to learn new things. Children find it easier to learn from technology. Computer games also have some negative impact on children. Some violent games can affect the mentality of children and would sometimes lead to increase in aggressive behavior and increase in aggressive feelings. Real world violence shown in many violent games can change the behavior of children in to aggressive. Some survey revealed that maximize use of social networking sites and inter net can lead to aloneness and depression. Children are too small to visualize the difference between real world and virtual world. Violent aggressive response shown in game games can make create difficulty on mind of children to verify difference of simulation and real world. Technology holds a pivotal role for the development of children to teenager. Technology can have positive and negative impact on growth of children to teenager. In has been surveyed in the year 1999, percentage of children having gaming console in 67%. 60% of the children have home computers. And more than 37% of children are so me way or another connected to internet. Recent survey reveals the popularity and addiction of computer and internet among children. Children aged between 8 and 18 are asked that, if they are taken in to desert isle then what things they would carry with them. Most of the children replied access to internet and computer. The addiction and popularity of technology had made children lazier. The increase in exposure to electronic devices would create negative impact on the development of children at younger age. Technology is not the solution that would

Holistic Account of Care for a Patient or Client with Complex Needs Essay

Holistic Account of Care for a Patient or Client with Complex Needs - Essay Example this essay, the nurse is going to offer care to a person who has complex needs, the person has a long term COPD and an acute condition of sacral pressure ulcer. The nurse will come up with a care plan to offer to the person in question, while taking note and being sensitive on the above mentioned code of ethics on the patient. Nursing is profession that offers care to patient after the doctor has done his part of the main treatment (Gulanick, 1997). To start with let me define what COPD is. In full the name means – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This is a generic name adapted for various lung conditions pertaining to lung diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis or obstructive. People who have this condition find it challenging to experience normal breathing. The difficulty in breathing arises from the narrowing of airways creating a situation known as obstruction of airflow (Hanania, 2011). The main cause of COPD originates from smoking; its manifestation rises with the period of smoking. The relationship between smoking and lungs is that, the smoke causes irritations and inflammation of the lungs which leads to scarring. As the years go by, the inflammation of the lungs persists and this makes permanent changes to the organs. The walls of the lungs normally thicken making the walls to produce a lot of mucus. The air sacs within the lungs get damaged and soon enough, due to emphysema the lungs elasticity gets lost (Lynes, 2007). Apart from the air sacs getting damaged, the airways get narrowed down and scarred, which automatically leads to breathlessness symptoms, phlegm or cough. Such symptoms qualify to COPD. Others causes of COPD include, genetic disorders, dust and fumes though in rare proportions. This disease normally affects people with a bit of advanced age, the majority of diagnosis occurs in people who are in their fifties, though it is normally manifested at the age of 35. According to gender statistics, in the UK the disease

Environmentally Sustainable Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Environmentally Sustainable Business - Essay Example Other initiatives include development of aero-engines that are friendlier to the environment and airframes that are efficient. The aviation industry has also developed ways of assisting communities and passengers comprehend the concept of climate change and pollution resulting from use of the airlines. Aviation Industry players are undertaking the initiatives to mitigate the negative environmental effects caused by the activities in the aviation industry. The activist stage explain that societal issues caused by businesses or organizations are new and very few people understand the extent of their good or bad sides to the society. As a result, activists are ignored because they are not supported by facts or evidence. Proponents of the new societal issues are normally ignored or dismissed by the business community and authority. The proponents championing for societal rights are activists (Zadek 2004). According to the SA (2009) report, issues of environmental challenges had already emerged in the UK aviation industry, and the authorities, airlines and the communities have negotiated mitigation measures. This stage had been by-passed because powerful coalition was underway to deal with the environmental challenges of aviation industry. The coalition is comprised of airlines, Airport Operators Association (AOA), the British Air Transport Association (BAT), the Society of British Aerospace Companies (SBAC) and NATS (AS 2009). The second stage is the emerging stage. This stage recognises that the political and media community know and understand the societal issues. There are research bodies that emerge to study the cropping societal issues in the UK aviation caused by aviation activities and processes. The second stage has also been by-passed because climate change, noise and air pollution have become common knowledge in the United Kingdom especially among air operators. Researches have also been commissioned while monitoring and evaluation frameworks have been

Cookies as Spyware Essay Example for Free

Cookies as Spyware Essay This paper addresses Cookies as Spyware. The option chosen was to analyze the issues associated with cookies being used as spyware. Are cookies pieces of malicious, benign, or innocent software? The next paragraphs of this paper will discuss the various uses of cookies. And, then, the paper will conclude with my opinion about cookies based upon my research findings. Since web browsing uses a stateless connection, cookies are used to maintain the state of a browsing session. Cookies are small data files that are produced by a web server that are stored on your computer. Cookies allow a personalized web browsing experience because of the identifying information that they store within them (such as login information, passwords, web pages visited, and/or items placed in a shopping cart). There are different types of cookies that are created for specific purposes. They include session, persistent, first-party, and third-party cookies. Session cookies are used to store information related to a particular visit during one session. Persistent cookies are used to store information permanently on your hard drive about your interactions and/or preferences with a certain web site. First-party cookies are used by the specific site that created them while their website is being visited, whereas third-party cookies are not created by the website that is being visited. Third-party cookies are created by another website besides the website being visited such as a banner advertisement on the web page that is being visited. (â€Å"Encyclopedia,†) While most cookies appear to be used solely for the purpose of enhancing the user’s web browsing experience, cookies can be used for other purposes including adware or spyware if they contain active code. Adware is used to automatically download or display advertisements on a person’s computer. Spyware is technology used to gather information about a person or organization without their consent or knowledge and relay that information back to advertisers or other interested parties. (â€Å"Information security magazine,† 2008) Technology has evolved to the point where cookies can or have been abused, so they are associated with some security risks. The risks associated with cookies are hijacking (session hijacking), inaccurate identification (due to multiple user accounts or different browsers being used on a single PC), poisoning or stealing (cookie manipulation), and lack of expiration or artificially long expiration periods (allowing cookies to remain when they are no longer needed can allow the cookies to be stolen or attacked). (â€Å"Are all cookies,† 2010) All of these security risks can be used to gain access to or steal personal information from a user or their computer. In conclusion, from the research articles reviewed, it is my opinion that cookies are both beneficial and potentially harmful if used improperly. Cookies can be used safely to enjoy their beneficial purposes for web browsing by following some simple rules. Routinely find and delete unnecessary cookies by navigating to the path on your hard drive where your cookies are stored (C:\Documents and Settings\[username]\Cookies). There really isn’t much danger in deleting these files since new cookies are automatically downloaded the next time you visit the site anyway. Also, check to make sure that your browser settings are only allowing first-party cookies (restrict third-party cookies). Another important thing is to install antivirus software (such as Symantec Endpoint Protection, Sophos, McAfee, or any other reputable vendor) and keep your antivirus software updated properly. Perform regular scans on your hard drive and all attached peripherals to prevent infections. Keep operating system patches updated to prevent anyone from hacking your system because of a known vulnerability. Web browsing would be much less personalized if we completely denied ourselves the privileges associated with cookies.

How does homer use suspense to make the story of the ‘Odyssey’ more :: Classics

How does homer use suspense to make the story of the ‘Odyssey’ more exciting in books 13 to 21? To create suspense and tension in the story, Homer uses the aspect of disguise. When Odysseus lands upon the Ireland of Ithika, Athene gives him a disguise so that he will not be recognise by the suitors and killed. The first person he sees when he is on the island is a ‘herdsman of sheep.’ Who is really Athene she is in disguise, Odysseus, thinking she is a herdsman lies to her about whom he is, ‘I have fled, an exile, because I have killed the son of Idomeneus.’ His lie continued and although he lied about who he was it did have some truth in it, for example he says he went to Troy as a henchman, he did actually go to Troy so he’s not lying but he was a hero rather than just a henchman. ‘the goddess grey-eyed Athene, smiled on him and stroked him with her hand.’Athene is please that he lied she feels he showed metis and that it was the right thing to do. ‘yet you never recognized Pallas Athene, daughter of Zeus, the one who is always standing beside you.’ She reveals herself to him she gives him a disguise and advice, and the next person he meets is Eumaois the swine heard.’ There is a lot written about Odysseus and the swine heard I feel that Homer was digressing and intentionally delays Odysseus going home to create tension. Odysseus tells another lie, again to create the tension ‘ I announce my origin is from Crete, a spacious land.’ He does this using metis and to protect himself as he can’t allow anyone to find out whom he really is. The swineheard knows he is lying ‘nor spell me with your lies.’ This again makes the reader feel anxiety, in case he knows whom Odysseus really is. Homer keeps emphasising in the disguise, ‘beggar is better begging his dinner in the city.’ He is referred to as a beggar to really emphasis to the audience that, that is what he comes across as. Another thing that helps build up the tension is of Penelope weaving, as when she finishes she has to marry one of the suitors.’ Sitting back on a chair and turning yarn on a distaff.’ Things like this will appear in the text to make the reader nervous, about the time Odysseus is taking to kill the suitors; the delaying helps keep the tension. ‘The doe has brought her fawns to the lair of a lion.

Aboriginal Land Rights within Australia Essay -- Rights of Indigenous

Terra Nullius was once apparent in Australian society, but has now been nullified with the turn of the century. With the political changes in our society, and the apology to Indigenous Australians, society is now witnessing an increase in aboriginals gaining a voice in today’s society. Described by Pat Dodson (2006) as a seminal moment in Australia’s history, Rudd’s apology was expressed in the true spirit of reconciliation opening a new chapter in the history of Australia. Considerable debate has arisen within society as to whether aboriginals have a right to land that is of cultural significance and whether current land owners will be able to keep their land. An issue facing society is whether legislation in place is sufficient in balancing the rights of Indigenous Australians and the rights of current land owners who will be affected by the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). To determine whether legislation is sufficient and fair, an investigation into the current societal view point needed to be considered by legislators. These legislators needed to evaluate the ways in which other societies had catered to the needs of indigenous land owners. Through consideration of these points, recommendations and changes to legislation need to be debated and enacted to ensure more equitable legislation on land rights within Australia Struggles by Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander people for recognition of their rights and interests have been long and arduous (Choo & Hollobach 2003:5). The ‘watershed’ decision made by the High Court of Australia in 1992 (Mabo v Queensland) paved the way for Indigenous Australians to obtain what was ‘stolen’ from them in 1788 when the British ‘invaded’ (ATSIC:1988). The focus of legislation in the past w... ...oseville NSW: McGraw Hill. Brennan, F. 1995. One land, One Nation. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. Richard Harding, Roderic Broadhurst, Anne Ferrante, Nini Loh. 1995. Aboriginal Contact with the criminal justice system. Leichardt, NSW: Hawkins Press Keon- Cohen, B. 2001. Native Title in the New Millennium. Sydney: Panther Publishing. Choo, C and Hollbach, S. 2003. History and Native Title. Western Australia: Studies in Western Australian History. Australian Government. 1993. Addressing the key issues for reconciliation. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Bourke, E and Edwards, B. 1994. Aboriginal Australia. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. Healey, J. 2002. Aboriginal Disadvantage. Rozelle NSW: Spinney Press. Healey, J. 2007. Native Title and Land Rights. Thirroul NSW: Spinney Press

Michelle Morano’s “Grammar Lessons: The Subjunctive Mood” Essay

The essay â€Å"Grammar Lessons: The Subjunctive Mood† by Michele Morano is a work that parallels the Spanish language and life. In the story, Michele reveals a little about herself as a character in the essay. She offers the reader a glimpse into an extravagant daydream into the locales of exotic Spain in which she hopes to one day visit to escape her husband whom had recently tried to kill himself. Throughout her fantastic tale, she encounters many unusual characters and proceeds to compare aspects of the Spanish language such as clauses like, ‘si’ and ‘como si’ (Morano 111), and ‘verbs of doubt and emotion’ (114) to the complexities of life. As I first began reading the essay, I was puzzled that Morano chose to ‘speak’ in the second tense as it is a rare form of writing, especially for a non-persuasive essay. While she was using her own experiences to provide the reader with an imaginary world, she wrote as though she hoped her audience would find themselves in her shoes. I also found it difficult to understand Morano’s style of writing because of her choice to use the future tense. I was able to grasp the concept that this extravagant adventure had not occurred yet, but I found it difficult to insert myself in her whimsical, romantic production. Once I began reading the essay and analyzing it, however, I took a liking to her ‘what-if’ style of writing. It suited the topic matter very well. Morano was able to equate the Spanish language with life beautifully with her writing style and extensive use of imagery. While I enjoyed the style of writing very much, the essay itself left me tentative on weather or not I enjoyed the piece as a whole. I am very familiar with the Spanish language, but I believe Morano could have clarified each educational segment a little further. As amusing as it was to brush up on high school Spanish, I found the presentation of the content in the text itself very confusing. I am uncertain that I would have enjoyed the piece as much had I not taken Spanish in earlier years of schooling. I also found it distracting how Morano would switch from her ‘grammar lessons’ to her fantasy life in Spain so abruptly. Beginning to read the piece, I was unsure of whether or not Morano had actually lived these experiences she was writing about, or if they were a thoughtful delusion of the future. For example, while reading about Morano’s encounter with the swimmer (110), I  found myself being pulled into the reverie of this romance in Spain; and suddenly I would be brought back to this lackluster high school Spanish class. And while Morano did provide the reader with a comparison from the language to the event itself, the change seemed so abrupt that it left me displeased. I also could have gone without the jumping back and forth between Morano’s life with her depressed husband and her musing of a life in Spain. While I do believe that her history with her husband was pivotal to the back story, I found the bouncing between her Spanish daydream and her real life experiences with her husband very distracting. I consider it would have suited the essay better had Morano simply used that as an introduction and left it at that. One feature of the essay that I enjoyed, although, was the fact that Morano took something as lifeless as the Spanish language and seemed to enliven it to the reader. I find it very rare that an author is able to put life into something as cold as grammatical concepts, especially in a different language. Morano, through her experiences in Spain, was able to provide the reader with a looking glass into a world where language isn’t just language and grammar isn’t just grammar but they’re part of being alive. She is able to convey to the reader that while details such as how to express emotion in Spanish would seem tedious any other point, experiences such as sleeping with a stranger in Spain unexpectedly brings out these ‘grammatical elements’ of human nature such as doubt and excitement (115). As a whole, I did enjoy the essay. I found Morano’s use of descriptions and interactions between characters very intriguing. I was able to sympathize with Morano as a character through her internal struggle of leaving the man that she had been with for a long while for a fresh start in Spain. Morano, Michele. â€Å"The Best American Essays.† Grammar Lessons: the Subjunctive Mood. Ed. Lauren Slater. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. 107-121. Grammar Lessons: The Subjunctive Mood

Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees Essay Example

Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees Essay Example Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees Essay Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees Essay Shared Trait between Humans and Chimpanzees Anthropology 101 Section Fall 2010 Professor Diane Sank For many years, numerous individuals including anthropologists have attempted to explain how a single species evolved into another. From the time of Charles Darwin to Creationism, anthropologists have established that chimpanzees are human’s closet relative. Furthermore, with the extensive voluminous amount of information, not only are chimpanzees genetically and evolutionary similar to human but share analogous traits. For instance, chimpanzees like human make and utilized tools in various techniques. Another trait shared is eutheria, where offspring depend on the placenta and grown internally of their paternities. In addition to the highly mobile digits that assist chimpanzees in grasping and climbing. These illustrations are just a few. This paper is twofold; to highlight humans and chimpanzees shared traits that can aid in recreating the past of humans, secondly to heighten my knowledge of the evolution of humankind and chimpanzees. Human are classified in the primate order. The primate order contains countless species of prosimians, monkeys, apes, and us. Moreover even though humans are classified along with other primates the nearest relative is chimpanzees. Similarly, humans and chimpanzees share, â€Å"anatomy, and genetic material† that has been noted for several years now. By sharing similar traits it is noted as a vital part of human evolution. Human evolution is the development of humans also known as Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens are categorized in the Hominidae family, a family that has shown to ensure increased brain size with complexity and bipedalism. Chimpanzees have undergone many different changes during that resulted in binocular vision, mobile digits without claws but nails, decreasing in sense of smell due to a reduced snout, large and complex brains. Specific traits are illustrated distinctively within humans (Kottak, 2009). The first trait chimpanzees share with humans is grooming. Grooming is the action of cleaning oneself or another. The purpose of grooming among primates has many functions. The first is to clean another while the other is is sharing a bonding experience with a partner or friend. Both primates experience, â€Å"friendless, submission, appeasement or closeness†¦ embracing, touching, and jumping up and down. † These behaviors assist in shaping closeness between the two chimpanzees taking part in grooming (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). Two chimpanzees sit face to face with each other and perform these procedures. Chimpanzees use their digits to â€Å"remove parasites or detritus from another’s hairy body surface,† resulting in the consumption of parasites There are different grooming habits among chimpanzees. For instance, some chimpanzees groom each other face to face while other chimpanzee let the one being groomed to move about as they feel. Some chimpanzees use sticks, or leaves as tools for grooming. In humans grooming is also used as a bonding experience for example between mother and child (McGrew, 1998). The second trait is the increase in the size of the brain and complexity. Primates have the highest intelligences. The size and complexity of brain enables primates to retain additional information to utilize in tool making or climbing. The advantages of a large brain with complexity assist in â€Å"navigat[ing]†¦find[ing] food in a highly complex environment. † The brain size of chimpanzees is larger than most other mammals (Kottak 2006; Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). The third trait is highly mobile digits. In humans mobile digits are hands. Chimpanzee’s highly mobile digit allows them to grasp items and climb trees more efficiently. Chimpanzees like human have five fingers on both digits (hands and toes). Primates also have opposable thumbs and tactile pads. Tactile pads empower chimps to have great sensitivity to what they come into contact with. The tactile pads are located at the end of chimp’s digits. Chimps do not have claws but nails (Kottak, 2009). The fourth trait chimps share with humans is tool making. Chimps are every diversified in utilizing and make tools. Chimpanzees construct their tools from surrounding material within the forest such as twigs, bark, and leaves. Tool constructed have multiple functions. For example leaves can be rolled to create a cup for drink water. Another example is utilized leaves for fishing and grooming varies parts of another chimpanzee. Finally leaves can be used in pre –mating procedure and to make medication. Chimpanzees also utilized tools to gather food such as sticking sticks into the ground to gather ants and termites for food. Chimpanzees are able to use their surrounds to help create everyday task to be performed with ease (McGrew, 1998). The fifth trait chimpanzees share with humans is being eutheria. Eutheria are mammals who reproduce internally via placenta. Similar to human chimpanzees do not have a breeding season. This allows chimpanzees to mate at any time of the year. Since mating seasons do not exist in chimpanzee culture, the majority of female chimpanzees throughout their life becomes pregnant or nurse constantly. Once offspring are born they are: â€Å"Dependent for 4 or 5 years†¦chimpanzee infant cannot survive if its mother dies before it reaches the age of 4 at the very least†¦ During the juvenile period, young primates are still dependent upon the largest social group rather than on their mother alone, using this period for learning and refining a variety of behaviors. If the juvenile primate’s mother dies, he or she will be â€Å"adopted† by an older male or female member of the social group. † Not only does the infant depend on their mother for a period in time, the community takes care of them as they reach a certain age (Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). The sixth trait chimpanzee share is bipedalism. Bipedalism is the art of walking on two legs. This trait is a major trait that has evolved. Chimpanzees usually walk on all fours. However at times chimpanzees walk bipedally when they have to hold something in their hand. Furthermore Chimpanzees â€Å"cannot sustain bipedalism locomotion for more than 50 to 100 yards [before retracting to] knuckle-walking† (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). Human infants like chimpanzees walk on all fours, at times walking bipeadlly shortly until they retract to walking on all fours. The seventh trait is the act of playing. The process of playing among chimpanzees is learning skills that can be used later in life as adults. The act of playing is shown not only in infants but juveniles as well. Infants and juveniles play to â€Å"learn about their environment†¦social skills†¦ [and] testing a variety of behaviors. The act of playing is a tool for learning how certain things work and what is and not accepted in their community (McGrew 1998; Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). The eighth trait chimpanzee share with humans is the art of learning. Since the brain of a chimpanzees has increased in size and complexity this trait has assisted in advan tages. Younger chimpanzees stay close to their mothers in order to learn how to perform certain task. For example, chimpanzees in West Africa use stones to crack open nuts. At first the offspring fail to perform the task until a great deal of practice is chieved. This process is call aping, the act of observing then imitating the adult they learned from (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). The ninth trait is sexual behavior among chimpanzees. Chimpanzees and humans alike are promiscuous. The reason being primates do not have a set partner, another primate to mate with and stay with as a neutral family. Within chimpanzees communities both male and female engage in finding partners to mate with. There is no standard for the men to only look, but women take part in finding a mate rather than waiting for one. Female chimpanzees similar to humans go through several periods in time when they are vulnerable to impregnation. This period in time is known as estrus, not only where the female is vulnerable to impregnation but skin surrounding the genitals swell. In a recent study â€Å"twelve to fourteen males have been observed to have as many as fifty copulations in one day with a single female in estrus†(Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). Sexual promiscuity is a norm in chimpanzee’s community as well as humans. In our culture sexual promiscuity is portrayed in the form of pornography. Even though it is frowned upon individuals still take part in it. The tenth trait similar to humans is communication. Chimpanzees have diverse calls that can be visualized with face and body expressions. There are various calls such as, â€Å"warning calls, threat calls, defense calls, and gather calls†¦ [that accompany] gestures and postures†¦. [that is at] the level of a 2 to 3 –year-old human child† (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). Chimpanzee unlike humans cannot speak but they do display language skills incorporating by call and gestures. I have learned that chimpanzees are extremely intelligent and should be studied more often. In my opinion chimpanzees are becoming more and more intelligent than the average American. For example some American can barely read and write let alone communicate their wants and needs. While chimpanzees communicate their wants and needs by using gestures and postures. It is extremely heartbroken more and more primates are slowly being extinct or becoming research models not to benefit the understanding of their ways but for biomedical research. It truly was remarkable learning about chimpanzees an there shared trait humans’ utilize as of today. I am grateful and wish someday I too like Jane Goodall can do research on primates to learn their ways. We as humans should learn more and take care of our closest relative then would we truly understand their ways and ourselves. Chimpanzees, Pan Troglodytes, have acquired traits that are established already in humans. Chimpanzees are highly intelligent primates who display eutheria, the process of growing their offspring internally. Chimpanzees are extremely social creatures that take part in grooming as a process of bonding with another primate. While infants and juvenile learn through play which creates a learning environment for the children to learn what they will be required to know when they are adults. The increase in brain size and complexity has assisted chimpanzees to make and utilize tools, walk bipedally, and able them to climb and grasp with their high mobile digits. It begs the question: what will the future hold for the evolution of humans as chimpanzees become more and more rick in knowledge? ***This report contains 9,445 characters and 1,788 words**** References 1. Haviland, W, Prins, H, Walrath, D, amp; McBride, B. (2005). Living primates. In N. Root (Ed. ), Anthropology: the Human Challenge (pp. 62-87). Canada: Wadsworth. 2. Stanford, C, Allen, J, amp; Anton, S. (2006). Biological anthropology. New Jersey: Pearson Education. 3. Kottak, C. (2009). Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity. New York: The McGraw Hill Companies. 4. Culture in nonhuman primates. (1998). Annuals Review of Anthropology, 27, 301-328.