Landsat - An Overview of the Landsat Satellites

Some of the most popular and valued remote sensing images of the Earth are obtained from the Landsat satellites which have been orbiting the Earth for over 40 years. Landsat is a joint venture between NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey that began in 1972 with the launch of Landsat 1. Previous Landsat Satellites Originally known as the  Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1,  Landsat 1 was launched in 1972 and deactivated in 1978. Landsat 1 data was used to identify a new island off the coast of Canada in 1976, which was subsequently named Landsat Island. Landsat 2 was launched in 1975 and deactivated in 1982. Landsat 3 was launched in 1987 and deactivated in 1983. Landsat 4 was launched in 1982 and stopped sending data in 1993.   Landsat 5 was launched in 1984 and holds the world record  for being the longest-serving Earth-observing satellite in operation, serving for more than 29 years, until 2013. Landsat 5 was utilized for longer than expected because Landsat 6 was unable to attain orbit following the launch in 1993. Landsat 6 was the only Landsat to fail before sending data to the Earth.   Current Landsats Landsat 7 remains in orbit after having been launched on  April 15, 1999.  Landsat 8, the newest Landsat, was launched on February 11, 2013.   Landsat Data Collection The Landsat satellites make loops around the Earth and are constantly collecting images of the surface through the use of a variety of sensing devices. Since the beginning of the Landsat program in 1972, the images and data have been available to all countries around the world. Landsat data is free and available to anyone on the planet. Images are used to measure rainforest loss, assist with mapping, determine urban growth, and measure population change. The different Landsats each have different remote-sensing equipment. Each sensing device records radiation from the surface of the Earth in different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Landsat 8 captures images of the Earth on several difference spectrums (visible, near-infrared, short wave infrared, and thermal-infrared spectrums). Landsat 8 captures about 400 images of the Earth each day, far more than the 250 a day of Landsat 7.   As it orbits the Earth in a north-south pattern, Landsat 8 collects images from a swath about 115 miles (185 km) across, using  a push broom sensor, which captures data from the entire swatch at the same time. This is different than the whiskbroom sensor of Landsat 7 and other previous Landsat satellites, which would move across the swath, more slowly capturing imagery.   The Landsats orbit the Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole on a continual basis. Landsat 8 captures imagery from approximately 438 miles (705 km)  above the surface of the Earth. Landsats complete a full orbit of the Earth in about 99 minutes, allowing the Landsats to achieve about 14 orbits per day. The satellites make a complete coverage of the Earth every 16 days.   About five passes cover the entire United States, from Maine and Florida to Hawaii and Alaska. Landsat 8 crosses the Equator every day at approximately 10 a.m. local time. Landsat 9   NASA and the USGS announced in early 2015 that Landsat 9 is being developed and scheduled for launch in 2023, ensuring that data will be collected and made freely available about the Earth for another half-century.   All Landsat data is available to the public free of charge and is in the public domain. Access Landsat imagery through NASAs  Landsat Image Gallery. The Landsat Look Viewer from the USGS is another archive of Landsat imagery.

Business Analysis Philip Green Essay - 1608 Words

Most of the people want to start their business with a small amount of money and turning it in to million-pound. There are number of British entrepreneurs who have started their businesses with small amounts and conducted their business very well. Philip green is one of those entrepreneurs who started his business with 20,000 GBP and now his business worth is 3.88 billion GBP. Philip Green is an inborn entrepreneur who retains 12% of the UK’s clothing merchandizing sector. It’s been a captivating learning about his growth to fashion trading authority and working out how he conducts business the Philip Green way. If we want to have a look of the local high street in UK, there must be at least one Philip Green owned fashion store. His Arcadia Territory is privately possessed by the Green family and is the second largest in the fashion zone in the UK after Marks Spencer. So what does it take to turn out to be one of the UK’s utmost fruitful entrepreneurs and one of the leading designations in UK retailing? (Barclay, 2010) This multitalented entrepreneur and one of the UK’s most successful retailers, Philip Green was born on 15th March 1952 in Croydon. He belonged to a middle class Jewish family, who were at that time running their own business. His father was doing the business of electrical equipment and rented out TV and mother was doing laundry business. Philip was just 9 when he was sent to the boarding school and he got little chance to spend good time with his family.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Reflective Work Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesincorrect and how it could be useful. Right from my first year of bachelor of business administration I started learning about marketing. Initially my thoughts were that marketing is only about advertising. 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Health Promotion and Education

Question: Describe about the Health Promotion and Education? Answer: Introduction: Health is one of the most important factors in life. Yet, many people indulge in much risky behavior which can put their health in danger. Its not easy to change their behavior as environmental, personal, political and social factors influence individual behavior. Health promotion and health education focuses on the evaluation, development and implementation of health interventions at both the environmental and behavioral levels. Health promotion and education program helps an individual to evaluate his or her behavior and gain trainings as an expert in promoting health and well being (black raine, 2006). The World Health Organization has stated health education and promotion as the process which enables people enhance their control over health and its determinants. On the other hand, health education is the process of educating people about health. Health does not mean only physical but it encompasses environmental health, social health, intellectual, emotional and spiritual health .It can be defined, as the way by which groups and individuals learn to behave in a manner relevant to the maintenance, promotion or restoration of health. Theoretical models of health promotion and education: There are some theoretical models that explain health promotion and education. They are: health belief model, stages of change model, social learning theory etc. Stages of change model: In the late 1970s, the stages of Change Model were developed by James Prochaska and Carlo Diclemente when they were studying how smokers gave up their habit of smoking. The Scm model has been applied to many behaviors such as injury prevention, weight loss, drug problems, overcoming alcohol and others (Cracked.com, 2012). The idea that scm provides is that change of behavior is not a one step phenomena. Rather, people have to go through many stages to be able to be successful. These stages are overcome at individual paces. Each person should decide for themselves when one stage is over and when they should move to the next step. Moreover such decisions should come from inside as long term changes cannot be implemented externally. The stages of change are: Pre contemplation: The individuals do not contemplate the fact that there is a problem with them. Contemplation: knowing the fact that there is the presence of a problem but not knowing or not so sure whether to change it or not. Determination/preparation: Preparing to change. Action/ Will power: change of the behavior. Maintenance: maintaining ones will power that is necessary for change. Relapse: no being able to cope up with the change and returning to old habits. But however, if a person is able to maintain his will power for long enough, he the person will be able to understand his emotions and behavior and start viewing it in a new light. If the person is able to reach this point e is finally able to transcend the old habits and is on the way to becoming a new person who no longer needs to be dependent on the old behavior n order to sustain himself (Education Portal, 2015). The Health belief Model: In the early 1950s the health Belief model was developed in order to study why people cannot adapt to disease prevention strategy of or cannot do early medical checkups to detect disease. The HBM suggests that if a person belief that a certain behavior of his is a personal threat to his health and if he believes in the recommendation for checking this threat then only he will adapt to this new behavior. The HBM believes that there are two aspects of health related bhavior1) the intention of an individual to escape sickness and 2) the knowing the fact the a health promotion will prevent the disease from happening again. Finally, the course of action of an individual is often guided by the persons perceptions of the barriers and benefits related to health behavior. There are six phases of HBM: Perceived susceptibility: this refers to a persons belief of having a disease or illness. Perceived severity: This refers to the persons feeling about leaving the disease untreated. Perceived ben efits: This refers to the persons belief of the availability of different actions present to lower the threat of the disease or illness. Cue to action: This is the process where the patient finally decides on accepting a certain health guide to be cured of the disease or illness. Self-efficacy: This refers to the level of confidence of a person on himself or herself that he /she can effectively maintain or pursue a behavior (Green, 2000). Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory has been proposed by Albert Bandura in 1977. It states that behavior is learned through the process of observational learning from the environment. Bandura, unlike B.F. Skinner have proposed that humans judge about the relationship between the consequences of their behavior. The Social learning theory states that individuals understand from watching other people performing the behavior (Healthpromcornwall.org, 2015). Observational learning explains how children observe people around them and eventually learn to imitate them. With the Bobo Doll experiment Bandura told an adult to act aggressively towards the bobo doll, while children observed him and later on when they were told to play with the doll, they imitated the same aggressive behavior that they have seen earlier. In this concept, Bandura observed that not only external reinforcement shapes up a behavior but also internal reinforcement which is a form of sense of accomplishment, satisfaction and confiden ce. How theoretical model can be applied to health promotion and education Theoretical models offer a number of benefits to health promotion and education. It is used as a tool box for going further than intuition to evaluating and designing interventions of health education that is based on the idea that why certain people indulge themselves in certain behaviors related to health. It is used as a foundation for program development and planning that is consistent on using evidence based interventions. It is used as a road map for developing appropriate interventions, studying problems, evaluating impacts and identifying indicators It is used as a guide to help explain how health behavior is changed and the influences of many forces that guide it, including physical and social environments. Finally, it is used as a compass to help planners identify the suitable target audiences, outcomes for evaluation and methods for implementing changes (Koelen Ban, 2004). Not any single model dominates the health promotion and education. Some theories focus on individuals while others examine changes within institutions, families, communities and cultures. A health problem may be addressed by more than one model and no one theory is suitable for all the health problems. Some theories have converged over the years. A theory should be chosen based on target population and topic. Choosing the model must first start with the assessment of the problem, the topic, the type of behavior to be addressed and finally the unit of analysis or change. The theory should be supported by past research, consistent with observations of everyday, logical, similar to those used in previous successful endeavors (Hong, 2007). Health educators take the help of planning models while developing health programs. Planning models are used for making plans, then doing it, and finally evaluating health promotion programs and for proving a framework on which to build a plan. A number of planning models have been developed over the years .there are many models that attempt to explain the nature and intensity of intervening variables in human behavior. But health behavior is mainly focused on three parameters .They are focus on intrapersonal capacities, those focus on interpersonal relationships and those that examine environmental contexts and supports (PeÃÅ' rez Luquis, 2008). Health promotion campaigns: A health promotion campaign is important to render success of a wellness program. A well researched and effective campaign should consist of cross channel communication that deliver motivational messages across the people and inspire them to take care of their health and lifestyle. The 2012 national advertising campaign against smoking drove 1.6 million smokers to try to quit smoking and helping 100,000 to succeed. In UK, Ash i.e. Action on Smoking and health was a campaign that was established in 1971 by the Royal College of Physicians. It was a public health campaign that was aimed towards eliminating the harm caused by tobacco. The campaign as not directed towards condemning or attacking smokers but its main task was to develop an opinion and awareness towards the epidemic caused by tobacco. Another aim of Ash was to initiate policy measures that will reduce the burden of disease, addiction and premature deaths attributable to tobacco (BBC News, 2015). In UK advertising has proved to be a highly profitable method in helping smokers decide to quit smoking for their own good. The Department of Health has created hugely successful and innovative campaigns over the years. In England, nearly 80,000 people are killed every year for smoking. Around 1,260 people are admitted to hospitals every day because of smoking related illness. Healthy Lives, healthy people is a tobacco control plan in England which has st out a tobacco control strategy for the citizens which can rule out smoking from the lives of the English. This campaign has reminded smokers of the unhealthy effects of smoking and their reasons of why they should quit smoking. They have encouraged other people to help their relatives to quit smoking as well as helping them with the most effective ways of quitting. Because of these health campaigns started out by the government nearly two thirds of Englands smokers have already accepted that they want o give up on the bad habit. Another Graphic anti-smoking c ampaign from public health England warns the smokers that smoking rots the body inside out and affects the bones, teeth, brain and eyes. The Public health England has launched a campaign by saying That it causes a slow and steady decline of the body. An online advertising showed a man smoking a cigarette formed of rotting human flesh, marking the PHE;s slogan that every cigarette rots you from inside out. The PHE has claimed that the previous anti smoking campaigns Mutations and :Toxic cycle has helped in declining the smoking rates in England to a remarkable 18.4 percent. The campaign aims to highlight the effect of the toxic ingredients in cigarettes to a human body which would cause damage to their muscles and bones. PHE warned the current smokers that 59 % of them are likely to develop Alzheimers disease than non smokers and smoking also degenerates eyes at a much earlier age. Professor Kevin Fenton, National director for well being and health for PHE said that much of the signs of smoking come during middle ages but the invisible effects start showing up at a shockingly early age. he also said that any age is good for stopping but it should be sopped earlier to stop the effects of smoking, so the smokers should stop smoking now and stop the rotting of the body(Resources.smokefree.nhs.uk, 2015). However, the smoking group has branded the campaign as poisonous. In reply Simon Clark , director of the smoking group Forest has said that any sane adult of United Kingdom knows the health risks of smoking and they need not be taught only they have to realize it and stop smoking. But he also said that the way the public campaigners are trying to scare and harass the public with exaggerated claims and dubious statistics is not healthy and if Public Health England wants to be effective they should be engaged with consumers and not scare them off with rotten campaigns such as this. Conclusion: Health is one of the most important factors in life. Health education is the process of educating people about health. There are some theoretical models explains health promotion and education. They are health belief model, stages of change model, social learning theory etc. The idea that Stages of Change Model provides is that change of behavior is not a one step phenomena. Rather, people have to go through distinct phases to be able to be successful (Thecommunityguide.org, 2015). The HBM suggests that if a person belief that a certain behavior of his is a personal threat to his health and if he believes in the recommendation for checking this threat then only he will adapt to this new behavior. .The Social learning theory states that individuals learn from watching other people performing the behavior. References: BBC News,. (2015). Anti-smoking advert 'aims to shock'. Retrieved 22 February 2015, from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-30621625 Black, N., raine, r. (2006). UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC HEALTH (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.sanjeshp.ir/phd/phd_91/Pages/Refrences/health%20education%20and%20promotion/[Maggie_Davies,_Wendy_Macdowall]_Health_Promotion_(BookFi.or.pdf) Ecu.edu,. (2015). Department of Health Education and Promotion. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.ecu.edu/cs-hhp/hlth/ Education Portal,. (2015). What Is the Health Promotion Model? - Definition Theory | Education Portal. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-health-promotion-model-definition-theory.html Green, J. (2000). The role of theory in evidence-based health promotion practice. Health Education Research, 15(2), 125-129. doi:10.1093/her/15.2.125 Healthpromcornwall.org,. (2015). Health campaigns : Health Promotion Cornwall. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.healthpromcornwall.org/information-services/campaigns/ Hong, P. (2007). Health education research trends. New York: Nova Biomedical Books. Koelen, M., Ban, A. (2004). Health education and health promotion. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. Mittelmark, M. (2008). Promotion Education becomes Global Health Promotion. Promotion Education, 15(4), 3-3. doi:10.1177/1025382308097691 Mittelmark, M. (2008). Promotion Education becomes Global Health Promotion. Promotion Education, 15(4), 3-3. doi:10.1177/1025382308097691 NetHope, E. (2014). Evaluating Social Media Components of Health Communication Campaigns - Health Communication Capacity Collaborative - Social and Behavior Change Communication. Health Communication Capacity Collaborative - Social and Behavior Change Communication. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.healthcommcapacity.org/evaluating-social-media-components-health-communication-campaigns/ organization, w. (2012). Health education: theoretical concepts, effective strategies and core competencies (1st ed.). World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/EMRPUB_2012_EN_1362.pdf Patient.co.uk,. (2015). Health Promotion / Lifestyle | Directory | Patient.co.uk. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.patient.co.uk/directory/health-promotion-lifestyle Pe rez, M., Luquis, R. (2008). Cultural competence in health education and health promotion. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Practitioners, T. (2015). RACGP - Health promotion campaigns. Racgp.org.au. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.racgp.org.au/your-practice/guidelines/greenbook/applying-the-framework-strategies,-activities-and-resources/effectiveness-(2)/health-promotion-campaigns/ Prevention, C. (2015). Campaigns| Gateway to Health Communication | CDC. Cdc.gov. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/campaigns/index.html Raingruber, B. (2015). Health Promotion Theories (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://samples.jbpub.com/9781449697211/28123_CH03_Pass2.pdf Resources.smokefree.nhs.uk,. (2015). Campaigns | Smokefree Resource Centre. Retrieved 22 February 2015, from https://resources.smokefree.nhs.uk/campaign/ shaping the future of health promotion. (2009) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://file:///C:/Users/computer/Downloads/WhyTheoryMattersdraft23Jan09%20(1).pdf aylor, N. (2012). Health education in context. Rotterdam: SensePublishers. Thecommunityguide.org,. (2015). The Community Guide - News and Announcements - Effectiveness of Health Communication Campaigns That Include Mass Media and Health-Related Product Distribution. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.thecommunityguide.org/news/2012/HealthCommunicationCampaigns.html Theories and Models Frequently Used in Health Promotion. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.rchf.org/news/pdf/theories-and-models-frequently-used-in-health-promotion.pdf Van den Broucke, S. (2012). Theory-informed health promotion: seeing the bigger picture by looking at the details. Health Promotion International, 27(2), 143-147. doi:10.1093/heapro/das018ho.int,. (2015). WHO | Mark these days for health in your calendar. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from https://www.who.int/campaigns/en/

Frederick Douglass free essay sample

Douglass begins his speech by addressing Mr.. President, Friends and Fellow Citizens. Here, he is likely addressing the president of the Anti-Slavery Society not the president of the United States. It is noteworthy that Douglass considers himself a citizen, an equal to the spectators in attendance. Throughout this speech, as well as his life, Douglass advocated equal justice and rights, as well as citizenship, for blacks. He begins his speech by modestly apologizing for being nervous in front of the crowd and recognizes that he has come a long way since his escape from slavery.He tells the audience that they have gathered to celebrate the Fourth of July, but he reminds them that the nation is young, and, like a young child, it is still impressionable and capable of positive change. He touches on the history of the American Revolutionaries fight for freedom against their legal bondage under British rule. He was an abolitionist, an orator, and editor of the North Star (later renamed Frederick Douglass Paper).